Term
| How thick is a gram negative bacterial wall and a gram positive bacterial wall? |
|
Definition
| Gram negative is 2 nm, gram positive is 50 nm |
|
|
Term
| Name the classes of beta lactam antibiotics |
|
Definition
| Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Monobactams |
|
|
Term
| Which beta-lactam containing drugs are resistant to penicillinase? |
|
Definition
| Beta-lactamase resistant Penicillins, higher generations of Cephalosporins (Cefepime), Carbapenems, Monobactam |
|
|
Term
| What are the natural Penicillins? |
|
Definition
| Penicillin G and Penicillin V |
|
|
Term
| Does Penicillin G target gram negative or gram positive bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which beta lactams must be administered intravenously, and why? |
|
Definition
| Penicillin G, Cefepime, Carbapenems, Monobactams; these are not stable in stomach acid |
|
|
Term
| What types of organisms do Penicillins target? |
|
Definition
| Mostly gram (+), some (-), and many anaerobes |
|
|
Term
| What are Procaine Penicillin G and Benzathine Penicillin G? |
|
Definition
| Forms of penicillin G that are slow-release when injected into muscle |
|
|
Term
| Does Penicillin G target gram positive or gram negative bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Penicillin G administered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Penicillin V administered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Problems with Penicillin V? |
|
Definition
| Absorption is unpredictable |
|
|
Term
| What a major physiological barrier to Penicillin? |
|
Definition
| Penicillin cannot enter the CNS |
|
|
Term
| What are the beta lactamase resistant Penicillins? |
|
Definition
| Nafcillin, Oxacillin, Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin, Methicillin |
|
|
Term
| What are the limitations of beta-lactamase resistant Penicillins? |
|
Definition
| They have a narrow spectrum of activity; not much effect on gram (-) bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What are the broad spectrum Penicillins? |
|
Definition
| Aminopenicillins (Amoxicillin and Ampicillin), Ticarcillin, Piperacillin, Mezlocillin, Carbenicillin |
|
|
Term
| With what drugs are penicillinase inhibitors administered and why? |
|
Definition
| Broad-spectrum Penicillins, which are affected by beta lactamase |
|
|
Term
| What are the beta-lactamase inhibitors? |
|
Definition
| Sulbactam and Clavulanic Acid |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of Penicillin? |
|
Definition
| Drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions, IV-induced seizures |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of beta-lactam antibiotics? |
|
Definition
| Beta-lactam binds to transpeptidases (penicillin-binding proteins) that cross-link proteoglycan chains in the bacterial cell wall |
|
|
Term
| How do Cephalosporins differ from Penicillins? |
|
Definition
| Penicillins have one R group, Cephalosporins have two; Cephalosporins have more activity against gram (-) bacteria; Cephalosporins have more resistant to penicillinase |
|
|
Term
| What are first generation Cephalosporins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the second generation Cephalosporins |
|
Definition
| Cefaclor, Cefuroxime, and Cephamycins (Cefoxitin and Cefotetan) |
|
|
Term
| What are the third generation Cephalosporins? |
|
Definition
| Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Cefoperazone |
|
|
Term
| What type of beta lactam can cross the CNS? |
|
Definition
| Third generation Cephalosporins |
|
|
Term
| What is a fourth generation Cephalosporin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Cefepime adminstered? |
|
Definition
| Intravenously or intramuscularly |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of Cephalosporins? |
|
Definition
| They are cross-reactive for Penicillin allergens |
|
|
Term
| What bacterial components allow the cell to be resistant to Cephalosporins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are Carbapenems administered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Side effects of Carbapenems? |
|
Definition
| Cross-react with Penicillins, can cause thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Term
| What are the Carbapenems? |
|
Definition
| Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem, Doripenem |
|
|
Term
| Which Carbapenem is better against gram (+) bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Carbapenems are more effective against gram (-) bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Meropenem, Ertapenem, Doripenem |
|
|
Term
| Which beta lactam antibiotic causes kidney toxicity when metabolized by dihydropeptidase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Cilastatin? When is it given? |
|
Definition
| Inhibitor of dihydropeptidase, administered with Imipenem to prevent toxicity to the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| What class of drug is Aztreonam? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Aztreonam effective against gram negative or gram positive bacteria? Aerobic or anaerobic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Aztreonam susceptible to penicillinase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of Aztreonam? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Would someone with an allergy to Penecillin be able to take Aztreonam? |
|
Definition
| Yes--it is not cross-reactive |
|
|
Term
| Which broad-spectrum penicillin drugs can be given orally? |
|
Definition
| Amoxicillin and Ampicillin |
|
|
Term
| Which broad spectrum penicillin drugs are active against psuedomonas? |
|
Definition
| Ticarcillin, Piperacillin, Mezlocillin, Carbenicillin |
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