Term
| Which drugs are the non-beta lactam cell-wall synthesis inhibitors? |
|
Definition
| Vancomycin, Bacitracin, Fosfomycin, Cycloserine |
|
|
Term
| Does Vancomycin target gram (+) or gram (-) bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which drug works by binding to glycoprotein subunit dialanine residues to inhibit cell-wall synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of Vancomycin? |
|
Definition
- Nephrotoxicity
- Ototoxicity
- Histamine release (red man or red neck syndrome)
|
|
|
Term
| How do bacteria develop resistance to Vancomycin? |
|
Definition
| Replace dialanine residues with lactict acid |
|
|
Term
| What drug is a synthetic lipoglycoprotein analogue of Vancomycin that disrupts bacterial membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which drug inhibits recycling of bactoprenol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Bacitran administered, and why? |
|
Definition
| Topically. It is severely nephrotoxic systemically. |
|
|
Term
| Which drug inhibits synthesis of N-acetylglucosamine from N-acetyl muramic acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of bacteria does Fosfomycin target? |
|
Definition
| Gram (-) and some gram (+); used for UTI's |
|
|
Term
| Which drug inhibits incorporation of dialanine residues into N-acetyl muramic acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of bacteria does Cycloserine target? |
|
Definition
| Gram (+), gram (-); used for TB |
|
|
Term
| Side effects of Cycloserine? |
|
Definition
| Headache, sedation, tremor, psychosis |
|
|
Term
| Which drugs are the Macrolides? |
|
Definition
| Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action for Macrolides? |
|
Definition
| Reversibly bind to 50S subunit to prevent translocation of the peptidyl RNA to P site |
|
|
Term
| Are Macrolides bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of Erythromycin? |
|
Definition
- GI upset
- Ototoxic
- Inhibits CYP450
|
|
|
Term
| What types of bacteria do Macrolides target? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action for aminoglycosides? |
|
Definition
| Irreversibly binds to the 30S subunit of bacterial RNA, causes mRNA misreading |
|
|
Term
| Are Aminoglycosides bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the Aminoglycosides? |
|
Definition
| Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Kanamycin, Netilimicin |
|
|
Term
| Which Aminoglycoside is applied topically due to nephrotoxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are most Aminoglycosides administered, and why? |
|
Definition
| Intramuscularly or parenterally; they are highly basic sugars that cannot cross membranes |
|
|
Term
| What types of bacteria do Aminoglycosides target? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of Aminoglycosides? |
|
Definition
- Ototoxicity
- Nephrotoxicity
- Neuromuscular blockade
- Fetal damage
|
|
|
Term
| Which class of antibiotic is responsible for the highest incidence of nephrotoxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Doxycycline, Minocycline, Tigecycline |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action for the Tetracyclines? |
|
Definition
| Binds reversibly to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the binding of tRNA to the A site |
|
|
Term
| How are Tetracyclines adminstered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are Tetracyclines bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of Tetracyclines? |
|
Definition
- Binds to cations including calcium
- Can cause bone deformation and mottled teeth of newborns
- Renal and hepatotoxicity
- Photosensitive and can degrade into renal and hepatotoxic compounds
|
|
|
Term
| What types of foods are contraindicated with Tetracyclines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of bacteria do Tetracyclines target? |
|
Definition
| Gram (+), some gram (-), Rickettsia (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever), Spirochetes (Lyme disease and Syphilis), Helicobacter, Legionella |
|
|
Term
| What class of pregnancy-contraindicated drugs are Aminoglycosides? |
|
Definition
| Class D (risks = benefits) |
|
|
Term
| How are Tigecycline and Minocycline related? |
|
Definition
| Tigecycline is a broad-spectrum glycylglycine derivative of minocycline |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action for Chloramphenicol? |
|
Definition
| Inhibits 50S associated peptidyltransferase -- peptides cannot be transfered from tRNA to growing peptide chain |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of Chloramphenicol? |
|
Definition
1. Blood dyscrasias
2. Gray baby syndrome
3. Hemolytic anemia in patients with G6PD deficiency |
|
|
Term
| How does Chloramphenicol cause cardiovascular collapse in newborns? |
|
Definition
| It is metabolized by liver UDP glucuronyl transferase, which is low in newborns |
|
|
Term
| Chloramphenicol targets which organisms? |
|
Definition
| Salmonella, beta lactam resistant organisms |
|
|
Term
| Which drug is used sparingly in the US but widely in underdeveloped countries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Lincosamides? |
|
Definition
| Same as Erythromycin -- bind reversibly to 50S subunit of ribosomes to prevent transfer of tRNA to P site |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of Lincosamides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the targets of Lincosamides? |
|
Definition
| Gram (+) and gram (-) anaerobic infections, used prophylactically in dental patients with heart valve problems to prevent endocarditis |
|
|
Term
| What are the Streptogramins? |
|
Definition
| Quinupristin + Dalfopristin = Synercid |
|
|
Term
| How are Streptogramins administered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Streptogramins? |
|
Definition
| Quinupristin blocks both A and P sites of bacterial ribosomes; Dalfopristin blocks the P site |
|
|
Term
| What class of drug is Linezolid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of the Oxazolidnones? |
|
Definition
| Binds to 50S to inhibit the binding of met tRNA to the P site |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of the Oxazolidnones? |
|
Definition
- Anemia
- Thrombocytopenia
- C. Diff
|
|
|
Term
| What are the targets of Oxazolidnones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What antibiotics target protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Macrolides, Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol, Lincosamides, Streptogramins, Oxazolidnones, Mupirocin, Retapamulin |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Daptomycin? |
|
Definition
| Lipopeptide that disrupts the bacterial wall by forming pores in the membrane |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of Daptomycin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the targets of Daptomycin? |
|
Definition
| Gram (+) bacteria, used for skin and soft tissue infections |
|
|
Term
| Of what class of drugs is Ciprofloxacin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Fluoroquinolones? |
|
Definition
| Inhibit bacterial topoisomerase II and IV without affecting mammalian topoisomerase |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of Fluoroquinolones? |
|
Definition
1. Can damage developing cartilage -- Pregnancy category C (risks < benefits)
2. Tendonitis
3. Achilles tendon rupture |
|
|
Term
| What are the targets of Fluoroquinolones? |
|
Definition
| Gram (+), gram (-), acid fast bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What antibiotics act as antimetabolites? |
|
Definition
| Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim |
|
|
Term
| In what class of drugs is sulfisoxazole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of the Sulfonamides? |
|
Definition
| Blocks purine synthesis: para-aminobenzoic acid analogues that reversibly inhibit dihydropteroate synthetase, preventing synthesis of THF |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of Sulfonamides? |
|
Definition
- Stevens-Johnson syndrome
- Hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficient patients
- Displaces bound bilirubin in infants, causing jaundice
|
|
|
Term
| What types of infections do Sulfonamides target? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mechanism of Trimethoprim? |
|
Definition
| Blocks purine synthesis: inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, preventing synthesis of folic acid to dihydrolic acid and then to tetrahydrofolic acid |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of Trimethoprim? |
|
Definition
- Megaloblastic anemia
- Leukopenia
- Granulocytopenia
|
|
|
Term
| How can the side effects of Trimethoprim be mitigated? |
|
Definition
| Leucovorin, a folinic acid that does not require dihydrofolate reductase in order to be converted to THF |
|
|
Term
| Trimethoprim targets which organisms? |
|
Definition
| Gram (-) and organisms that cause UTI's |
|
|
Term
| What drugs are prodrugs that are converted to active form by their targets? |
|
Definition
| Nitrofurantoin and Metronidazole |
|
|
Term
| How is Metronidazole administered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For what types of infections is Metronidazole given? |
|
Definition
| Severe anaerobic infections |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of Metronidazole? |
|
Definition
| Causes seizures at high doses |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Metronidazole? |
|
Definition
| It is converted to a highly reactive free radical when taken up by obligate anaerobes |
|
|
Term
| What are the targets of Nitrofurantoin? |
|
Definition
| UTI's caused by E. Coli and S. aureus |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of Nitrofurantoin? |
|
Definition
- Cough, chest pain
- Brown urine
- Hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficient patients
|
|
|
Term
| Which antibiotics are contraindicated in pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| Fluoroquinolones, Tetracyclines, Aminoglycosides |
|
|
Term
| Which antibiotics are used topically? |
|
Definition
| Polymyxin B, Gramicidin, Mupirocin, Retapamulin, Neomycin, Bacitracin |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Polymyxin B? |
|
Definition
| Binds to negatively charged sites on LPS to increase membrane permeability |
|
|
Term
| What are side effects of Polymyxin if it is used systemically? |
|
Definition
- Nephrotoxicity
- Neurotoxicity; can cause neuromuscular blockade
|
|
|
Term
| What are the targets of Polymyxin B? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Gramicidin? |
|
Definition
| 3 peptide-mixture that form pores in bacterial membranes |
|
|
Term
| What types of organisms does Gramicidin target? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of systemic Gramicidin use? |
|
Definition
| Severe toxicity for all organs |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Mupirocin? |
|
Definition
| Inhibits protein synthesis by inhibiting isoleucyl tRNA synthetase |
|
|
Term
| What organisms does Mupirocin target? |
|
Definition
| Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyrogenes |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Retapamulin? |
|
Definition
| Blocks P sites on ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| What are the targets of Retapamulin? |
|
Definition
| Impetigo (staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyrogenes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neomycin, Polymixin, and Gramicidin |
|
|
Term
| Polysporin consists of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trimethoprim and polymixin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oxytetracycline and polymixin |
|
|
Term
| What drugs can cross the CNS? |
|
Definition
| 3rd generation Cephalosporins, Cycloserine, Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol |
|
|
Term
| What non-bacterial condition is Erythromycin used to treat? |
|
Definition
|
|
