Term
| How do granulomas serve as a means of protection? |
|
Definition
| by walling off the infectious agent from the rest of the body |
|
|
Term
| What are the systemic manifestations of inflammation associated with infection? |
|
Definition
| fever over 102 degrees, pulse over 90, respirations over 20, WBC> 12,000 |
|
|
Term
| Why should topical drugs be used for inflammation when possible? |
|
Definition
| because they cause few adverse effects |
|
|
Term
| When is corticosteroid therapy begun? |
|
Definition
| when inflammation is sever or disabling |
|
|
Term
| What are the classes of NSAIDs? |
|
Definition
| salicylates, ibuprofen, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| What are NSAIDs' mechanism of action? |
|
Definition
| inhibiting synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What are Aspirin's indications for use? |
|
Definition
| antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, suppression of platelet aggregation |
|
|
Term
| How do NSAIDs reduce fever? |
|
Definition
| by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis in the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| What is the most significant adverse effect of NSAIDs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long before a surgical/dental procedure should a patient stop taking Aspirin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was Aspirin approved by the FDA for? |
|
Definition
| prevention of thromboembolic events |
|
|
Term
| Where does the analgesic action of Aspirin take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of Aspirin binds to plasma proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the Aspirin triad? |
|
Definition
| aspirin allergy, nasal polyps, asthma |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of caffeine on aspirin absorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overdoes of aspirin- 200 mcg/mL |
|
|
Term
| What are the three drugs similar to aspirin? |
|
Definition
| trilisate, Doan's Pills, mono-gesic |
|
|
Term
| What are the Ibuprofen indications for use with cardiac problems? |
|
Definition
| use caution when administering to people with cardiac problems, some NSAIDs increase risk of cardiovascular events |
|
|
Term
| What's Ibuprofen's duration of action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the sole drug in the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor class? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is celecoxib's half-life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the preferred drug for treating non-inflammatory pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes acetaminophen especially beneficial to certain populations? |
|
Definition
| no effect on platelet aggregation, no cardiotoxicity, doesn't cause GI problems |
|
|
Term
| Who is more likely to have a G6PD deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Asians, African Americans, people from the Middle East |
|
|
Term
| What is acetaminophen's black box warning? |
|
Definition
has the potential to cause sever liver
injury/serious allergic reaction |
|
|
Term
| What is caffeine's effect on acetaminophen? |
|
Definition
| it enhances its analgesic effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any drug or therapy that affects body defenses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| help the body mediate and intensify the immune response |
|
|
Term
| What is Interferon Alfa-2b's mechanism of action? |
|
Definition
| nonspecific inhibitor of viral replication - enhances general functions of immune system and suppresses growth of cancer cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common adverse effect of IFN therapy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are interleukins synthesized from cytokines? |
|
Definition
| in response to antigen exposure |
|
|
Term
| What is Aldesleukin FDA approved for? |
|
Definition
| pharmacotherapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma and metastatic malignant melanoma |
|
|
Term
| What are most of the adverse effects of Aldesleukin caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What may be used to reverse toxicities from an overdoes of aldesleukin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are preferred drugs for the prophylaxis of transplant rejection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two of the most important drugs in transplant medicine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary adverse effect of cyclosporine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are periodic blood counts necessary when someone's taking cyclosporine? |
|
Definition
| to ensure that leukocytes don't fall below 4,000 or platelets don't fall below 75,000 |
|
|
Term
| What effect does food have on cyclosporine? |
|
Definition
| decreases absorption, grapefruit juice can raise levels by 50-200% |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of antimetabolites? |
|
Definition
| severely restrict the replication of B cells and T cells |
|
|
Term
| What is Azathioprine's pharmacologic use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Azathioprine indicated for? |
|
Definition
| the prophylaxis of kidney transplant rejection and for the treatment of severe RA |
|
|
Term
| What is Azathioprine's mechanism of action? |
|
Definition
| inhibits DNA synthesis resulting in DNA damage and chromosome breakage |
|
|
Term
| How do you create antibodies against human immune cells? |
|
Definition
| inject animals with human T cells, B cells or thymocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are polyclonal antibodies? |
|
Definition
| contain a wide mixture of different antibodies that attack the T cells or T-cell receptors |
|
|
Term
| Where were the first monoclonal antibodies derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MABs that have 90% human sequences have what in their name? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only MAB approved as an immunosuppressant in transplant medicine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Basiliximab dampen the immune response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Basiliximab dampen the immune response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Basiliximab administered? |
|
Definition
| by IV infusion, one dose is given 2 hours prior to transplantation and the second is given 4 days later |
|
|
Term
| What are Basiliximab's most common adverse effects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect do corticosteroids have on neutrophils? |
|
Definition
| cause them to move from the bone marrow into general circulation- then prevents neutrophils from migrating out of circulation to sites of inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the incubation period? |
|
Definition
| body processes the antigen and mounts an effective response- this is when symptoms of infection and tissue injury develop |
|
|
Term
| What kind of immunity to vaccines provide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can the effectiveness of vaccines be assessed? |
|
Definition
| measure the amount of antibodies produced after vaccine (titer) |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a live vaccine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two types of inactivated vaccines exist? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do whole agent vaccines consist of? |
|
Definition
| microbes killed by heat or chemicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacterial toxins that have been chemically modified to be incapable of causing disease |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a recombinant technology vaccine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who establishes immunization schedules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who establishes immunization schedules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the limitations of VAERS? |
|
Definition
| does not attempt to confirm adverse event was caused by vaccine; reports aren't checked for accuracy |
|
|
Term
| What is the diptheria toxin rendered inactive by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is active pertussis treated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the booster for pertussis given to adults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How often should tetanus booster be given? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why was the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) developed? |
|
Definition
| for routine immunization in children under 2 |
|
|
Term
| When is the meningococcus vaccine recommended? |
|
Definition
| age 11 with a booster at 16 |
|
|
Term
| Which meningococcal vaccine produces longer lasting immunity and what age group is it given to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does immunity from the Hep B vaccine last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many doses of the rabies vaccine is given postexposure? |
|
Definition
| 5 after immune globulin is given |
|
|
Term
| What are the risks of having rubella while pregnant? |
|
Definition
| congenital cataracts and blindness, heart disease, and deafness |
|
|
Term
| Adults with chickenpox are 7x more likely to get __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most serious effects of shingles? |
|
Definition
| postherpetic neuralgia, blindness |
|
|
Term
| What is the vaccine to boost immunity against shingles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When can erythroblastosis fetalis occur? |
|
Definition
| only if mother is Rh negative |
|
|
