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| ~3.8-3.5 billion years old |
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| Cambrian Explosion: when did it happen and what did it give us? |
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| 542 million years old & decent with modification |
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| When did vertebrates appear? |
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| Cretaceous extinction: when did it happen? |
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| 6 mile in diameter asteroid that hit the earth causing the cretaceous extinction |
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| When did early primates appear? |
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| 65-55 million years ago, after the cretaceous extinction |
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| Kinds of Primates: Prosimians |
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Pre-monkeys who are nocturnal
ex) lemur, lorises, tarsiers |
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| New World Monkeys with flat nose, prehensile (long) tails, and one extra premolar |
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| old world monkeys that include apes and humans |
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| the lesser apes found in east asia: gibbons & siamangs |
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| orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzees & bonobo |
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| only nocturnal monkey in the world |
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| Paleocene epoch: when did it happen and what did it give us? |
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65 million years ago
gave us probable archaic primates |
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| Eocene Epoch: when did it happen and what did it give us? |
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55 million years ago
gave us the earliest undisputed primates |
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| Olgiocene epoch: when did it happen and what did it give us? |
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34 million years ago
new & old world monkeys split |
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| When did the Hominin Evolution happen? |
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Definition
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| when was the earliest undsiputed bipedal homonid, and what was the name? |
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Definition
3.72 million years ago
Ausrlopithecus afarensis |
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| When was the oldest homo genus fossil dated to? |
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Definition
| 2.8-2.75 million years ago |
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| When was homo erectus alive and why are they important? |
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1.89 million- 143 thousand years ago
what humans descended from |
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| Homo Heidelbergensis: who are they and when were they alive? |
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Definition
Archaic homo sapies
1.3 million/700,000-200,000 years ago |
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| Cranium of Hominin: Large Brains |
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Definition
increase in brain to body size
grater brain to face ratio from looking above |
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shorter muzzles
lower in position |
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on front of the face
color vision
depth perception
surrounded by bones |
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| Sense of smell is decreased |
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| generalized teeth to be imbivorous |
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Pentadactyle: 5 digits & opposable thumbs
nails not claws |
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| used to grip & brachiate "monkey bar motion" |
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| Hominin body to brain ratio |
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Definition
| the bigger the body the bigger the brain |
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| How cooking food affected Homonins |
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Definition
| muzzle retracted because the food got softer |
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| Cultural response to adaptive strategy |
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Definition
| clothing fire tools & weapons |
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| advanced used of symbolic communication |
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| concealed ovulation and no estrus cycle |
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| dependent on their mother far longer than other primates |
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| Hominin Male-Female division of labor |
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allows males to go further for food
females stay with children
males bring food back to share |
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| a controlled fall of pendulum motion of stance leg & swing leg |
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Head balanced on top of spinal column
--> side to side scanning |
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| Homininds: Binocular vision |
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| humans can find objects against a background of visual clutter |
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S-shaped
shorter & wider vertebrate |
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arched/bridge shaped
weight distributed between 4 limbs |
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| short, flat, and flared outwards |
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largest muscle in humans
positioned on the back of the pelivs |
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| What allows for hominins to have a greater stride? |
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| butt and hamstrings extend further than femur |
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101 degree angle of femur to tibia
humans center of gravity along center line of the body |
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Strictly weight bearing
Big toe enlarged & parallel to other toes
transverse & longitudinal arches |
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small brains
fur: fine & doesn't break the skin
bipedal w/ remnant arboreal skeleton
lived on the Savannah |
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Large Brains
Virtually hairless
oligate terrestrial bipeds |
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| Advantages to large brains& bipedalism: Surface area |
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Definition
| less surface area exposed to the sun |
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| Advantages to large brains& bipedalism : heat transfer from organism to atmosphere |
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Definition
| hairless & large heads allows heat transfer to be quick |
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| Advantages to large brains& bipedalism: efficiency of body's cooling system |
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Definition
evaporate cooling through seat glands is more efficient than
convective cooling (panting) |
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| Advantages to large brains& bipedalism: hunting |
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Definition
| can run long distances in the heat |
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| Advantages to large brains& bipedalism: social beings |
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hunt in groups
share strategy |
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| Advantages to large brain |
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Definition
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| Disadvantages to large brains& bipedalism |
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Definition
Carb, sodium, and water loss
use 1.3 liters of water per day at rest
die 4 days with out water |
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Term
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Definition
| alleles for a particular trait will be more frequently expressed where selective pressure for that trait is high |
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| How is skin color determined? |
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Definition
| genes that control production of carotene, hemoglobin, & melanin |
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Definition
| inject melanin into the space between the epidermis and dermis layer of the skin |
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| bigger melanin particles and many of them |
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| Light skinned melanocytes |
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Definition
| smaller melanin particles and less of them |
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| too much vitamin D that can cause kidney failure |
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| Folate Destruction: what is it and what can it cause? |
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when you don't get enough vitamin B
women: neural tube defects that cause spina bifida
men: reduction in the creation of sperm |
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| a disease where the long weight bearing bones don't get enough vitamin D so the legs and arms bow out |
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| a trait with more than one allele in appreciable frequency |
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| the maintenance of two or more alleles in a population due to the selective advantage of the heterozygote |
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| the inability to digest fresh milk products |
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| evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period. |
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| Natural Selection & lactose tolerance |
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Definition
| shifts allele frequencies in the direction of lactose tolerance in cultures that are dependent on milk |
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| Confferred through a mutation on the CCR5-delta32 gene on chromosome 3 |
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| could be completely resistant to many tupes of HIV |
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| course of the disease is greatly slowed |
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| bodies in cold climates are shorter and rounder and bodies in warmer weather are tall and lean |
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| Protruding body parts (arms&legs) are shorter in cooler areas of a species' range than in the warmer areas |
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Definition
| hairless and evaporative cooling through 1.6 million sweat glands and vasodialation |
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| Cold: Biological & adaptive responses to increase heat |
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Definition
Biological: shivering & increased activity level
Cultrual: heaters, clothes, caloric intake |
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Intense sun
cold
low humidity
windy
reduced availability of food
rough terrain
fewer molecules of oxygen |
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| Physical Adaptations of people at Higher Acclimations |
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Definition
Larger barre chest, rounded rib cage, more red marrow in ribs and stermun, greater lung volume, lung capillaries dialated, larger right ventricle, higher resting heart rate, lower heart rate during physical activity
long stermun, 30% more RBCs, greater blood volume, fetuses have larger placentas |
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| Monge's Disease: what is it and what is a probable cause? |
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Definition
Sudden mysterious loss of adaptation to high elevations
Cause: smoking |
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| physiological adjustments that people make when they encounter a new environment |
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| populations of birds & mammals living in warm, humid climates have more melanin than populations of the same species living in cooler/drier areas |
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Melanin protects sensitive layers of the skin from the suns damaging rays
greater resistance to tropical dieases |
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Definition
ultra violet rays give off vitamin D & facilitates the production of vitamin D
Vitamin D helps incorporate calcium into the bones
allows humans to live farther from the equator |
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Definition
| A condition when RBC's assume a cresecnt (sickle) shape when deprived of oxygen instead of the normal disk shape |
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Definition
| with out advanced medical care they don't live past a few years |
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| Sickle Cell Heterozygotes |
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Definition
| have a resistance to malaria |
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Definition
| refers to a sub-population of a variety of a species that differs somewhat in gene frequencies from other varieties of the species |
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| The belief without scientific basis that some "races" are inferior to others |
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| Organisms put very little time and effort raising offspring but have many of them |
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| put a lot of time and effort into raisin the few offspring they have |
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| the exact reproduction of an individual from cellular tissue |
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| the substitution of some genes for others to make a perfect specimen |
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| cells that can be induced to grow into tissue type |
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gives a better ROM
move shoulders up & down
move shoulders in a circle |
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| animals that walk on all fours |
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| Vertical Clinging and Leaping |
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Definition
| from a vertical position uses only its hind limbs to push from one vertical position to another |
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| explanation of primate origins |
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| a group of mammals including modern moles that is adapted to feeding on insects |
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| a site in Egypt where the world's best record of Oligocene primate fossils |
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