Term
| MM Video: How have people’s explanations for the mounds in N. America changed over time? Why? Can you give an example from the film of cultural bias influencing interpretations? |
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Definition
- Different cultures living there, inhabiting it
- Native Americans
- Left out certain American Indians that existed
- Racial bias against the knowledge and abilities of Native Americans
- Disbeliefs of a mass race that was as knowledgeable and able as the white race |
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Term
| MM Video: In what ways were the various approaches scientific or not scientific? |
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Definition
- scientific: skull measurements
- nonscientific: not thinking the mounds to be the product of just one lost race |
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Term
| MM Video: Did you see any examples of multiple working hypotheses? |
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Definition
| certain tools were used that must have been used by the ancestors of the Indians who constructed the mounds |
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Term
| MM Video: Did you see any examples of hypothesis testing? Of developing test implications? |
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Definition
- collecting and testing artifacts to see how long the people had lived there or if they had just passed through
- building their own mound
- distributing the dirt the way they believe the culture did |
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Term
| MM Video: Did you see use of multiple lines of evidence? |
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Definition
- sculptures show moundbuilders superiority
- government system of Indians, chiefs lived on top of mounds above the village |
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Term
| MM Video: What can we learn from stratigraphy? From plant remains? From human remains? What is experimental archaeology? What examples appear in the film? How did historic documents contribute to explaining the mounds? Were there any examples of oral tradition? |
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Definition
- age of mound builder remains
- how far the culture expanded across the country (remains found only in certain states) |
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Term
| MM Video: What attracts you to archaeology--what makes it worthwhile? Is archaeology better approached as a science or in some other way? What makes an approach scientific? |
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Definition
| -experimental arc: building mound |
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Term
| Koster: What are the “Arkies”? |
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Definition
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Term
| Koster: What is Koster, and how is it discovered? How old is it? |
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Definition
| A farm site, discovered Teed Koster finding artifacts on his property, 10,000 yrs old |
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Term
| Koster: Who is Stuart Struever and why is he important? |
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Definition
| Author of the book, leader of the exhibition at Koster |
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Term
| Koster: What and where is Kampsville? What is its significance? |
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Definition
| Headquarters for the exhibition, west of Ill. River, crossed to Koster by ferry |
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Term
| Koster: What is Modoc Rock Shelter and where is it located? |
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Definition
| Former home and burial for 28 people who lived over 3000 yrs (Early and Mid Archaic), Prairie du Rocher Ill 95 mi south of Koster |
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Term
| Koster: What scientific testing was used in the excavations/analysis of materials from Koster? |
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Definition
| Radio carbon dating, pollen testing, random sampling, test squares |
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Term
| Koster: What multiple working hypotheses did you observe? How were they tested? |
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Definition
- what people were eating and type of gathering they were doing (agr, horti, hunt/gath)
- tested soil and teeth, also tools |
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Term
| Koster: What is “New Archaeology”? |
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Definition
| Study of a culture’s environment, not just their artifacts |
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Term
| Koster: Who are James Brown and Jane Buikstra? What roles did they play in the book? |
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Definition
- Brown- prof of anthro at NU and codirector of zKoster Research Program and director of computer lab for NAP, DISCOVERED 26 LAYERS AT KOSTER
- Buikstra- director of NAP bio anthro program, ANALYZED THE WOODLAND MOUNDS |
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Term
| Koster: 10. What is the culture history of Koster? Be familiar with the different time periods and cultural groups that occupied the site. What are the major characteristics of each of these? |
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Definition
- Jersey Bluff – long term AGRICULTURE AD 800-1000
- Black Sand- Short term
- Riverton- no pottery Archaic times before 500 BC
- Hopewell – 100 BC-450 AD
- White Hall- AD 400-800 |
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Term
| Koster: 11. How does Koster relate to lecture notes, text book readings, and the video Myths and Moundbuilders? Many of the same individuals from the video are in Koster, so pay particular attention to this. |
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Definition
| Mound building, agriculture, hunting-gathering |
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Term
| Bones: What is repatriation? |
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Definition
| protection for NA burial remains |
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Term
| Bones: What are the arguments for and against repatriation of human skeletal remains? |
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Definition
- For: it an help to understand the culture, diseases, etc
- Against: disturbing burial sites, discriminatory against NAs |
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Term
| Bones: What are the benefits and problems of legislation protecting Native Americans burials and skeletal remains? |
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Definition
- Benefits: preserve the property, history
- Problems: Cannot learn the history, study diseases, diets, etc |
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Term
| Bones: Who was Samuel Morton and what were the problems with his “research”? |
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Definition
- medical doctor
- studied remains of diff races
- wanted to compare intelligence (brain size)
- resulted in racist research, whites had biggest skulls, then blacks, then NAs
- 4,00 skulls collected |
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Term
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Definition
| - Native American Grave Protection Repatriation Act |
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Term
| Bones: Are feelings on repatriation the same among all anthropologists and all Native Americans, or do opinions differ among members of these 2 groups? |
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Definition
- some NAs should want to know what is going on
- Most NAs and anthros are strong on their beliefs |
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Term
| Bones: What is 1 of the controversies between Native American oral tradition and scientific study? |
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Definition
- stories passed on in NA culture should be enough history
- justifications of relationships are different b/w NAs and scientists
- scientists accused of doing the same thing as Nazis, studying w/o permission of the people studied |
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Term
| Bones: How did the example of the Nebraska Omaha demonstrate a compromise between Native Americans and anthropologists? How did both benefit? |
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Definition
- tribe wanted bones to be study for cultural and medical purposes before being repatriation
- chief believes ancestors can speak through science
- research on diabetes outbreak |
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Term
| Anthro is the study of... |
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Definition
- study of humans
- hominid fossils
- fuana and mega fuana (animals in relationship to humans)
- dispelling stereotypes (Indiana Jones, media) |
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Term
|
Definition
- Archaeology
- Socio-cultural anthropology
- Physical anthropology (biological)
- Linguistic anthropology |
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Term
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Definition
- focus in interconnections and interdependence of all aspects of the human experience in all places and times
- past-present
- biological-cultural |
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Term
|
Definition
| Digging for human fossils and tools |
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Term
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Definition
| Studying the modern cultures of humans all over the world |
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Term
|
Definition
- Talk about cellular biology
- Studying the physical and biological aspects of humans and animals associated with humans |
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Term
|
Definition
| - Study of human language and its development |
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Term
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Definition
| Affluent white males talking and theorizing about other types of people |
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Term
| Cultural evolution from Lewis Henry Morgan |
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Definition
- Says that all humans start out as savages, barbarians,
- And that civilizations, not species, evolve
- The ones who dont live up to the standards, Africans and others, are considered savages
- People started out as savages
•No clothes
•Open sex
- Says that after the savage phase, they go through the barbarian phase
•Clothes
•Not advanced |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that your culture is superior to others |
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Term
|
Definition
- Made cultural relativism
•No culture is better or worse, just different |
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Term
|
Definition
- Said that native Americans and blacks were not as smart as whites
- Males were going to school to become anthropologists
- Men anthropologists were not allowed access to women
- Therefore the early reports were only about men |
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Term
|
Definition
- This is found in every sub group
- When you are trained as an anthropologist but work outside of academia
- If an anthropologist works for the government, this is applied anthropology |
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Term
|
Definition
| combines theoretical and applied approaches from the fields of cultural and biological anthro w/ the study of human health and disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| humans as biological organisms |
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Term
|
Definition
- study of genes and genetic relationships
- how people have adapted |
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Term
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Definition
| study of origins and predecessors of the human species, evolution |
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Term
|
Definition
| the study of living and fossil primates |
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Term
|
Definition
| ID of human skeletal remains for legal purpose |
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Term
|
Definition
| study of human thoughts, patterns based on culture |
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Term
|
Definition
| description of a particular culture based on fieldwork |
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Term
|
Definition
| study of different cultures from a comparative or historical POV |
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Term
|
Definition
- objects associated w/ human activity but have not been modified
- found in features |
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Term
|
Definition
| what happens to something when it dies |
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Term
| Conditions for Preservation |
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Definition
| dry, wet, cold, anaerobic, deserts, bogs, and ice |
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Term
|
Definition
| using experience to figure out where to dig |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| something dug into the ground |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| stain that shows up on the surface of recently plowed fields |
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Term
|
Definition
| refuse or garbage disposal area |
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Term
|
Definition
| starting point for reference on a grid |
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Term
|
Definition
| preserved fecal matter, provides evidence of past health and diet |
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Term
|
Definition
| cast of the inside of a skull |
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Term
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
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Definition
| used to amplify or create multiple copies of DNA to be studied |
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Term
|
Definition
| designating things to be older or younger than others |
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Term
|
Definition
| dating based on fluorine in bones |
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Term
|
Definition
| relative dating based on changes in fossil pollen |
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Term
|
Definition
| RD based on putting things in relational groups |
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Term
|
Definition
| dating based on tree rings |
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Term
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Definition
| New stone age, 10,000 yrs ago, people depended on domesticated plants and animals and possessed stone-based tech |
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Term
|
Definition
| Middle stone age, Archaic cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| cultural change 10,000 yrs ago, domestication of plants and animals, early permanent villages |
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Term
|
Definition
| melting glaciers washed plants away forcing people to gather and plant, animals followed to food |
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Term
|
Definition
| how you make a living and SURVIVE |
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Term
|
Definition
- foraging/hunting and gathering
- pastoralism - herding
- horticulture
- agriculture |
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Term
| The shift from hunting/gathering to agriculture happened during... |
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Definition
| the end of the Ice Age, 14,000 yrs ago |
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Term
| Around what year did agriculture start? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Around what year did cities begin to form in Near East? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Features of Paleolithic Culture |
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Definition
- stone tools
- nomadic hunting and gathering |
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Term
| Is the Upper Paleolithic the END or BEGINNING of the Paleolithic Era? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Features of Mesolithic Culture |
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Definition
- hunting/gathering
- less nomadic
- transition of culture |
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Term
| Features of Neolithic Culture |
|
Definition
- 8,000 BC
- settled village life
- domestication |
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Term
| What period started 1.8 mya and ended 10 kya and was the end of the Ice Age |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What period was the start of agriculture, cities, warmer climates, and more local resources? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How many years ago did hominids begin to roam the Earth? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When were stone tools beginning to be used? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
- 13.5 kya - 8.5 kya
- nomadic hunters and gatherers
- lithics |
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Term
|
Definition
- 8.5-2.5 kya
- hunters and gatherers
- increase in sedentism, lithics, copper, burials, shletrs, cave art |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
- 1.1 kya-800 ya
- corn, mounds, burials |
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|
Term
| The Nile River flood caused... |
|
Definition
| the fall of the Egyptian kingdom |
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|
Term
| What happened to the Norse in Greenland in the 1300s? |
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Definition
- temps drop
- can't grow crops, feed animals or people
- people leave or starve |
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Term
|
Definition
| ice cores, lake varves, ocean cores, soils, land forms |
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Term
| In what year do chiefdoms develop in the Near East? Civilization? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is a CRM and what laws exist regarding it? |
|
Definition
- contract or compliance arch
- Laws: safeguard sites, prosecute offenders, repatriate remains |
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Term
|
Definition
- Stewardship
- Accountability
- Commercialization
- Education
- Intellectual Property
- Publication
- Records
- Training |
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Term
|
Definition
| protects sites on federal land |
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|
Term
| Historic Sites Act of 1935 |
|
Definition
| survey before development |
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Term
| National Historic Preservation Act NHPA (1966, 76, 80) |
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Definition
- Section 106: identify and evaluate sites ad impact development
- Section 110: long-term protection of sites |
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|
Term
| National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 |
|
Definition
| reviews impact of cultural resources |
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Term
| Arch. Resources Preservation Act (ARPA) |
|
Definition
| penalties for looting, 5 yrs in prison, $250,000 in fines (doubled?) |
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|
Term
| FOUR MOST IMPORTANT ACTS TO REMEMBER! |
|
Definition
- ARPA
- Antiquities Act
- NHPA
- NAGPRA |
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|
Term
| How many tribes claimed the Kennewick Man? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What was the legal outcome of the Kennewick Man case? |
|
Definition
| Legal rights went to researchers |
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|
Term
| How old was the Kennewick man? |
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Definition
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