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| the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems; traditionally entails four sub-disciplines--Archaeology, biological/physical, cultural/social, and linguistic anthropology |
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| the study of human society, primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material culture and environmental data that they have left behind |
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| branch of anthropology that studies the physical development of the human species. paleoanthropology (the study of human origins) forensic anthropology(the analysis and identification of human remains for legal purposes) |
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| considered the first American anthropological school of thought. Founded by Franz Boas rejected the cultural evolutionary model argued that each society is a collective representation of its unique historical past. |
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| pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology" and "the Father of Modern Anthropology." |
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| constructs or evaluates propositions that are abstractions of observations/constructs or evaluates deductive arguments from a set of premises or hypotheses. |
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| studies people, ethnic groups and other ethnic formations, their ethnogenesis, composition, resettlement, social welfare characteristics, as well as their material and spiritual culture |
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| Believed that all societies evolved one way and that Western civilization was the pinnacle of this evolution. Obsolete |
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| Proposed unilineal evolution of religions, animism (Animals or spirits), Polytheism (multiple gods), monotheism (one god). |
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| an autosomal recessive genetic disorder that causes a relentless deterioration of mental and physical abilities that commences around six months of age and usually results in death by the age of four |
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| a Christian concept detailing a strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by the Christian God |
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| a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist and biologist independently proposing a theory of evolution due to natural selection |
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| believed "The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man" |
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| an early proponent of the idea that evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws. |
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| form of natural selection that depends, not on a struggle for existence, but on a struggle between the males for possession of the females; the result is not death to the unsuccessful competitor, but few or no offspring |
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| Deoxyribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms |
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| a type of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value |
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| the transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another |
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| Having either both Dominant or both recessive alleles/having a mix of dominant and recessive alleles. |
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| changes in a genomic sequence |
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| the nonrandom process by which biologic traits become more or less common in a population as a function of differential reproduction of their bearers. It is a key mechanism of evolution. |
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| describes the ability to both survive and reproduce |
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| a mode of natural selection in which a single phenotype is favored, causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one direction |
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| an autosomal recessive genetic blood disorder with incomplete dominance, characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape |
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| the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population |
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| an evolutionary event in which a significant percentage of a population or species is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing |
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| an organized structure of DNA and protein found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions. |
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| dominant/recessive alleles |
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| alleles that are present even in heterozygous allele pairings/alleles that are only present in homozygous allele pairings |
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| The genetic makeup of a species/the physical representation of the genotype |
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| a special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction |
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| the change in the frequency of a gene variant in a population due to random sampling. |
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| author of Principles of Geology, which popularized James Hutton's concepts of uniformitarianism – the idea that the earth was shaped by slow-moving forces still in operation today |
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| allopatric/sympatric speciation |
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| process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species due to being geographically separated/process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region |
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| gradualism/punctuated equilibrium |
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| a theory which holds that profound change is the cumulative product of slow but continuous processes/proposes that most species will exhibit little net evolutionary change for most of their geological history |
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| a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring |
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| the same organ in different animals under every variety of form and function/features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral featur |
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| connected series of neighboring populations, each of which can interbreed with closely sited related populations, but for which there exist at least two "end" populations in the series, which are too distantly related to interbreed |
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| a molecular biology technique that measures the degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences |
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| a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms |
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| Linnaean taxonomic system |
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| there are three kingdoms, divided into classes, and they, in turn, into orders, families, genera (singular: genus), and species (singular: species), with an additional rank lower than species |
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| time between births of subsequent offspring |
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| comprises the recurring physiologic changes that are induced by reproductive hormones in most mammalian placental females |
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| Competition between males for a mate. Usually due to either the male playing very little role in raising offspring or due to there being less females than males |
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| a taxonomic family, including four extant genera: chimpanzees (Pan), gorillas (Gorilla), humans (Homo), and orangutans (Pongo)/smaller, exhibiting low sexual dimorphism, in not making nests, and in certain anatomical details in which they superficially more closely resemble monkeys than great apes do (Gibbons) |
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| grouping of mammals defined as being primates, but not monkeys or apes. They include, among others, lemurs, bushbabies, and tarsiers/the "higher primates" familiar to most people: the Old World monkeys and apes, including humans |
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| one male with exclusive mating rights to many females |
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| having one mate at a time/having many mates at a time |
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| differences in size between males and females of a species |
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| method of locomotion through which an animal swings through branches |
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| the sum of its classical fitness (how many of its own offspring it produces and supports) and the number of equivalents of its own offspring it can add to the population by supporting others |
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