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| study of fossil record for human-kind |
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| Member of the mammalian order PRIMAATES, including prosimians, mnkeys, apes, and humans |
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| A change in the frequency of a gene or a trait in a population over multiple generations |
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| Study of humans as biological organisms, considered in an evolutionary framework, sometimes called physical anthropology |
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| Member of the family HOMINIDAE distinguished by bipedal posture and, in more recently evolved species, a large brain |
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| A trait that increases the reproductive success of an organism |
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| The study of the fossil record of ancestral humans and their primate skin |
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| Study of disease in ancient human populations |
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| Branch of biological anthropology study anatomy, physiology behavior and genetics of livng and exctinct monkeys apes and prosimians |
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| Study of human kind in all its forms |
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| science of classifying and naming living things. Invented by Linnaeus |
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| Linnean naming system for all organisms, consiting of a genus and species label |
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| A group of organisms assigned to a particular category |
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| diversification of one founding species into multiple species and niches |
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| Different repoductive success over multiple generations |
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| 3 conditions necessary for Natural Selection |
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Definition
1. Trait must be inherited
2. Trait in question must show variation
3. Must be affected by the environment |
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| Cellular and molecular genetics |
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| Study at the most basic levels, cells and the DNA molecule |
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| Classical or Mendelian genetics |
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Definition
| looking at pedigrees of related individuals and tracking how various traits are passed from one generation to the next |
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| study of genetic variation within and between populations from molecular traits to visible traits |
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| trying to understand how the behavior of animals is influenced by genetics |
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| Single celled organisms such as bacteria, in which the genetic material is not separated form the rest of the cell by a nucleus |
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| A cell that posses a well organized nucleus |
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| the cells of the body that are NOT sex cells |
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| Undifferentiated cells found in the developing embryo that can be induced to differentate into a wide variety of cell types or tissues. Also found in adults |
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| Deoxyribonucleic acid. Double stranded molecule that is the carrier of genetic information. |
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| Complex molecules formed from chains of amnio acids (polypeptide) or from a complex of polypeptides. Fucntion as strucutral molecules, transport molecules, antibodies, enzymes, and hormones. |
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| Single stranded nucleic acid that perfroms cirtical functions during protein synthesis and comes in three forms: Messenger RNA, Transfer RNA, and Ribosomal RNA |
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| Organelles in the cytoplasm of the cell where energy production for the cell takes place. has it's own DNA |
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| An organelle in the cytoplasm consisting of a folded membrane |
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| Structures composed primarily of RNA, which are found on the endoplasmic reticulum. Site of protein synthesis |
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| Molecular buildilng blocks of nucleic acids DNA and RNA consists of a phosphate, sugar, and base |
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| variable components of the nucleotides that form the nucleic acids DNA, RNA. In DNA bases are adenine, guanine, thyamine, cytosine. iIn RINA, URACIL replaces THYMINE |
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| A complex protein that is a catalyst for chemical processes in the body |
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| Protein found in the red blood cells that transports oxygen |
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| Natural substance produced by specialized cells in one location of the body that inlfuences the activity or physiology of cells in a different location |
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| Molecules that form the basic building blocks of protein |
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| A molecule made up of a chain of amino acids |
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| System whereby the nucleotide triplets in DNA and RNA contain the information for synthesizing proteins from the twenty amino acids |
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| A triplet of nucleotide bases in mRNA that specifies an amino acid or the intiation or termination of a polypeptide sequence |
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| Fundamental unit of heredity. |
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Definition
| Strand of RNA synthesized in the nucleus as a complement to a specific gene (transcription) it carries infor for the dequence of amino acids to make a specifi protein into the cytoplasm, where it is read at a ribosome and a protein molecule is synthesized (translation) |
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| RNA molecules that bind to specific amino acids and transport them to ribosomes to be used during protein synthesis |
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| Somatic cell division, one cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells |
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| cell division that occurs in the testes and ovaries that leads to formation of sperm and ova (GAMETES) |
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| discrete structures composed of condensed DNA and supporting proteins |
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| Condensed and constricted region of a chromosome |
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| full complement of paired chromosomes in a somatic ell. 46 in humans (23 pairs) |
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| Number of chromosomes found in a gamete representing one from each pair found in a diploid somatic cell |
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| members of the same pair of chromosomes (or autosomes) Homologous chromosomes undergo crossing over during meiosis |
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Definition
| Location of a gene on a chromosome. Locus for a gene is id'd by the number of chromosomes on which it is found and the posit on the chromosome |
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| Alternative versions of a gene. Are distinguished from one another by their differing effects on the phenotypic expression of the same gene. |
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Definition
| Having the same allele at the loci for a gene on both members of a pair of homologous chromosomes |
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| Having two different alleles at the loci for a gene on a pair of homologous chromosomes |
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| exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during the first prophase of meiosis. Mechanism for genetic recombination |
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| Rearrangement of genes on homologous chromosomes. occurs during crossover |
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| Complete chromosomal complement of an individual usually based on a photograph of the chromosomes visualized under the microscope |
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| any of the chromosomes other than sex ones |
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| Chromosomes X and Y, XX female XY Male |
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Definition
| failure of homologous chromosomes (chromatids) to separate properly during cell division. May result in a missing or extra copy of a chromosome |
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| Sum total of all the genes carried by an individual |
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| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
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Definition
| Method for amplifying DNA sequendces using the Taq polymerase enzyme. Can produce millions or billions of copies of a DNA segment |
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| Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) |
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Definition
| small loop of DNA found in the mitochondria. It is clonally and maternally inherited. |
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| Genes that contain the information to make a protein |
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Definition
| guide the expression of structural genes, without coding for a protein themselves |
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| genetic makeup of an individual |
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Definition
| an observable or measurable feature of an organism |
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| Refers to the generic system for one of the proteins found on the surface of red blood cells. Consists of one gene with three alleles, A,B,O |
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| In a diploid organism refers to an allele that must be present in two cpies (homozygous) in order to be expressed |
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Definition
| In a diploid organism, an allele that is expressed when present on only one of a pair of homologous chromosomes |
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Definition
| In a diploid organism, two different alleles of a gene that are both expressed in a heterozygous individual |
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Definition
| Concept of heredity based on the transmission of genes (alleles) according to Mendelian principles |
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| Mendel's law of segregation |
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Definition
| The two alleles of a gene found on each of a pair of chromosomes segregate independtly of one another into sex cells |
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| Mendels law of independent assortment |
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Definition
| Genes found on different chromosomes are sorted into sex cells independently of one another |
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Definition
| Genes that are found on the same chromosome are said to be linked |
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Definition
| A change in he base sequence of a gene that results from the change of a single base to a different base |
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Definition
| an autosomal recessive disease caused by a point mutation in anallele that codes for one of the polypeptide chains of the hemoglobin protein |
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| Autosomal Recessive Disease |
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Definition
| A disease caused by a recessive allele; one copy of the allele must be inherited from each parent for the disease to develop |
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Definition
| a change in the base sequence of a gene that results from the addition of one or more base pairs in the DNA |
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Definition
| Change in the base sequence of a gene, results from loss of one or more base pairs in the DNA |
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| Trinucleotide Repeat Disease |
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Definition
| a family of autosomal dominant disease that is caused by the insertion of multiple copies of a three base pair sequences that codses for the amino acid glutamine. |
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| Autosomal dominant disease |
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Definition
| A disease that is caused by a dominant allele, only one copy needs to be inherited from either parent for the disease to develop |
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Definition
| Genetic conditions that result from mutations to genes on the x chromosome. Almost always expressed in males woh have only one copyp of the x chromosome. |
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Definition
| A diagram used in the study of genetics that shows the transmission of a genetic trait over several generations of family |
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Definition
| Phenotypic variation that can be described as belonging to discrete, observable categories |
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Definition
| Phenotypic variation that is characterized by the distribution of continuous variation (expressed using a numerical measure) within a population (ex. Bell Curve) |
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Definition
| Phenotypic trats that resulft from the combined action of more tahn one gene; most complex traits are polygenic |
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Definition
| Phenomenon of a single gene having multiple phenotypic effects |
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Definition
| Proportion of total phenotypic variability observed for a given trait that can be ascribed to genetic factors 0-1, 0 due to environment, 1 is genetic |
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Definition
| Autosomal recessive condition that leads to the accumulation of large quanitites of the amino acid Phenylalanine, which causes mental retardation and other phenotypic abnormalities. |
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