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| Anthropology midterm exam AUC |
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| Agriculture makes continuous use of land and intensive use of labor |
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| The big man has support in multiple villages instead of in just one. He thus was a regulator of regional political organization. |
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| Name Ethnographic techniques (51-58) |
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1. Participant observation
2. interviews.
3. Genealogical method
4. Key informants
5. Collecting life histories
6. Problem-oriented research
7. Longitudinal research
8. Team research |
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| Emic: Strategy focusing on local explanations and meanings. You get to know why people do things and how they perceive. |
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| Etic: strategy emphasizing the ethnographer's explanation and categories. This way you compare it to other societies. |
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| International culture (36) |
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Cultural traditions which extend beyond national boundaries
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| The critique of power that occurs without those in power knowing about it. (eg. complaining about your boss with co-workers). |
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| children of two brothers or two sisters |
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| children of a brother and a sister |
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| A family of procreation is one that is formed when a couple marries. The purpose of a family of procreation is to have children and raise them in society. The family of procreation is from the parent point of view, as opposed to the children's view which is called family of orientation. |
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| Generalized reciprocity (172) |
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Reciprocity is exchange between social equals, who are normally related by kinship, marriage, or another close personal tie.
Generalized: Exchanges among closely related individuals. You don't expect something concrete and immediate in return.
Generalized and balanced are based on trust and a social tie. negative also means being cagey or deceitful or cheating. |
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| Balanced reciprocity (172) |
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Reciprocity is exchange between social equals, who are normally related by kinship, marriage, or another close personal tie.
Balanced: midpoint on reciprocity continuum between generalized and negative. The social distance and the need to reciprocate grows. Something is expected in return, not necessarily at that exact moment but the social relationship will be strained when there is no reciprocation.
Generalized and balanced are based on trust and a social tie. negative also means being cagey or deceitful or cheating. |
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| Negative reciprocity (172) |
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Negative: Potentially hostile exchanges among strangers, people outside or on the fringes of their social systems. Exchange is mostly purely economic, It is the attempt to get something for as little as possible .
Generalized and balanced are based on trust and a social tie. negative also means being cagey or deceitful or cheating. |
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| is an exchange of cultural features between groups in firsthand contact. |
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| Diffusion is borrowing of cultural traits between society, this can be direct or indirect. |
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| Enculturation is learning one's own culture's traits. |
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| Endogamy: Marriage of people from the same group. |
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Exogamy: marriage outside of your group, this causes establishments and preservations of alliances among groups.
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| Homogamy: marrying someone similar, same social class. |
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Social order in which subordinates accept hiararchy as natural. Subordinates comply with domination by internalizing their rulers' values and accepting the naturalness of domination as if it was they way it was meant to be.
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| Social order in which subordinates accept hiararchy as natural. Subordinates comply with domination by internalizing their rulers' values and accepting the naturalness of domination as if it was they way it was meant to be. Lineage demonstrated how it is related to a apical ancestor |
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| unlineal descent group clan is based on stipulated descent clan only states that it has an apical ancestor and that is enough. |
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| Unilineal descent is matrilineal or patrilineal descent, the descent only uses one line. |
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| Ambilineal descent is flexible descent rule, neither patrilineal nor matrilineal. They do not automatically exclude either the children of sons or those of daughters. They can choose the descent group they join, change it and/or belong to multiple ones. |
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| Polygamy is marriage with more than one person at the same time |
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| Man has more than one wife |
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| Polygamy is marriage with more than one person at the same tim |
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| Biological parents of a child |
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| Polygamy is marriage with more than one person at the same time. Progeny is A gift from the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin before, at, or after marriage; legitimizes children born to the woman as members of the husband's descent group. |
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| the husband and his kin receive substantial marital gifts |
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| Culture pattern or trait that exists in some but not in all societies. They are common to several but not to all. |
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| Culture pattern or trait that exists in some but not in all societies. They are common to several but not to all. |
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| unique cultural traits, patterns or integrations. |
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| a set of acquired patterns of thought, behavior, and taste |
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| social category or corporate social group, consisting of people of similar age, who have a common identity, maintain close ties over a prolonged period, and together pass through a series of age-related statuses. This is in contrast to an age grade, through which people pass individually over time. |
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| (pantribla) Sodality (190) |
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| Groups that extend across the whole tribe, spanning several villages. They are especially likely to develop in situations of warfare with a neighbouring tribe. THey are nonkin-based groups with regional political significance. |
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| Archeology (10) or archeological antropology |
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| The study of human behavior through material remains. It describes, reconstructs and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains. At sites where people live or have lived, they find artifacts, material items that humans have made, used or modified. Plants and animal remains and garbage also tell stories. |
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| Independent invention (41) |
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| The process by which humans innovate, creatively finding solutions to problems is a mechanism of cultural change. Faced with comparable problems and challenges people in different societies have innovated and changed in the same way. This is a reason why cultural generalization exists. |
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| Annual movement of entire pastoral group with herds. The entire groups moves with animals throughout the year. |
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| System in which only part of population moves seasonally with herds. Most of the people stay home in the village. |
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| Conflict resolution (185) |
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| Means of settling disputes. |
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| Bifurcate merging kinship terminology (245) |
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| Four parental kin-terms: M=MZ (mother and mother's sis), F=FB, MB and FZ (father's sis) stand alone. |
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| Bifurcate collateral kinship terminology (247) |
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| Six seperate parental kin terms: M,F, MB, MZ, FB, and FZ |
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| Study societies across time |
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| Study societies how they are today. |
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| Biological anthropology (12) |
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| anthropological research focused on the study of humans and non-human primates in their biological, evolutionary, and demographic dimensions. It examines the biological and social factors that have affected the evolution of humans and other primates, and that generate, maintain or change contemporary genetic and physiological variation. Study of human biological variation in time and space |
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