Term
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Definition
| The study of the human species and its immediate ancestors |
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Definition
| Encompassing past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture |
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Definition
| Traditions and customs transmitted through learning |
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Definition
| An economy based on plant cultivation and/or animal domestication |
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Definition
| Anthropology as a whole: cultural, archaeological, biological, and linguistic anthropology |
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Definition
| Combining biological and cultural approaches to a given problem |
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Definition
| The comparative, cross-cultural, study of human society and culture |
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Definition
| Fieldwork in a particular cultural setting |
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| archaeological anthropology |
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Definition
| The study of human behavior through material remains |
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Definition
| The study of socio-cultural differences and similarities |
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Definition
| The study of human biological variation in time and space |
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Definition
| Same as biological anthropology |
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Definition
| The study of language in time, space, and society |
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Definition
| The study of language in society |
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Definition
| Field of study that seeks reliable explanations, with reference to the material and physical world |
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Definition
| Using anthropology to solve contemporary problems |
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Definition
| A set of ideas formulated to explain something |
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Definition
| An observed relationship between two or more variables |
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| cultural resource management |
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Definition
| Deciding what needs saving when entire archaeological sites cannot be saved |
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Definition
| A suggested but as yet unverified explanation |
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Definition
| The process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations |
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Definition
| Something, verbal or nonverbal, that stands for something else |
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Definition
| Key, basic, or central values that integrate a culture |
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Definition
| Member of hominid family, any fossil or living human, chimp, or gorilla |
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Definition
| Hominids excluding the African apes, all the human species that ever have existed |
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Definition
| Something that exists in every culture |
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Definition
| Culture pattern or trait that exists in some but not all societies |
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Definition
| Distinctive or unique culture trait, pattern, or integration |
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Definition
| Cultural features shared by citizens of the same nation |
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Definition
| Cultural traditions that extend beyond national boundaries |
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Definition
| Judging other cultures using one’s own cultural standards |
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Definition
| Rights based on justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions |
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Definition
| Rights vested in religious and ethnic minorities and indigenous societies |
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Definition
| Idea that to know another culture requires full understanding of its members’ beliefs and motivations |
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Definition
| Intellectual property rights; an indigenous group’s collective knowledge and its applications |
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Definition
| Borrowing of cultural traits between societies |
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Definition
| An exchange of cultural features between groups in firsthand contact |
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Definition
| The independent development of a cultural feature in different societies |
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Definition
| The accelerating interdependence of nations in the world system today |
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Definition
| Field that examines the socio-cultural dimensions of economic development |
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Definition
| Reduction in absolute poverty, with a more even distribution of wealth |
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Definition
| Trying to achieve too much change |
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Definition
| Seeing less-developed countries as all the same; ignoring cultural diversity |
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Term
| anthropology and education |
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Definition
| Study of students in the context of their family, peers, and enculturation |
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Definition
| Anthropological study of cities and urban life |
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Definition
| The comparative, bio-cultural study of disease, health problems, and health-care systems |
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Term
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Definition
| A scientifically identified health threat caused by a known pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition of poor health perceived or felt by an individual |
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Definition
| Beliefs, customs, and specialists concerned with preventing and curing illness |
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Definition
| One who diagnoses and treats illness |
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Definition
| A health-care system based on scientific knowledge and procedures |
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Term
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Definition
| study of hominid, hominin, and human life through the fossil record |
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Term
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Definition
| agreement to take part in research, after being fully informed about it |
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Definition
| study of ancient life through the fossil record |
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Definition
| study of ancient plants and environments through pollen samples |
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Term
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Definition
| use of aerial photos and satellite images to locate sites on the ground |
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Definition
| measurement of human body parts and dimensions |
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Definition
| study of bone as a biological tissue |
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Definition
| study of disease and injury in skeletons from archaeological sites |
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Definition
| DNA comparisons used to determine evolutionary links and distances |
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Definition
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Definition
| study of settlement patterns over a large area |
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Definition
| digging through layers at a site |
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Term
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Definition
| study of processes affecting remains of dead animals |
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Term
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Definition
| establishing dates in numbers or ranges of numbers |
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Term
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Definition
| establishing a time frame in relation to other strata or materials |
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Term
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Definition
| study of earth sediments deposited in demarcated layers (strata) |
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Term
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Definition
| tree-ring dating, a form of absolute dating |
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Term
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Definition
| transformation of species; descent with modification |
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Term
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Definition
| selection of favored forms through differential reproductive success |
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Definition
| natural forces at work today also explain past events |
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Definition
| field that studies genetics of breeding populations |
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Term
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Definition
| allele that makes another allele in a heterozygote |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic trait masked by a dominant trait |
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Term
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Definition
| paired lengths of DNA, composed of multiple genes |
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Term
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Definition
| place on a chromosome that determines a particular a trait |
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Term
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Definition
| a variant of a particular gene |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes inherited independently of one another |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| process by which sex cells are produced |
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Term
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Definition
| homologous chromosomes intertwine and exchange DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| all the genetic material in a breeding population |
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Term
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Definition
| change in gene frequency in a breeding population |
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Term
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Definition
| favored by natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| selection of traits that enhance mating success |
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Term
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Definition
| alleles maintain a constant frequency in a population over time |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic change due to chance |
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Term
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Definition
| exchange of genetic material through interbreeding |
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Term
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Definition
| members can interbreed to produce offspring that live and reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| assigning organisms to categories based on common ancestry |
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Term
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Definition
| gradual shift in gene frequencies between neighboring populations |
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Term
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Definition
| lineage or branch of a genetic tree marked by one or more specific genetic mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| "natural sunscreen" produced by skin cells responsible for pigmentation |
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Term
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Definition
| vitamin D deficiency marked by bone deformation |
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Term
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Definition
| average nose length increases in cold areas |
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Term
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Definition
| Larger bodies found in colder areas and smaller bodies in warmer ones |
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Term
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Definition
| protruding body parts are bigger in warmer areas |
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Term
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Definition
| adaptive biological changes during an individual's lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of apes, monkeys, and prosimians |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| classification scheme; assignment to categories (taxa, singular, taxon) |
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Definition
| traits inherited from a common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| adaptive traits due to convergent evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| similar selective forces produce similar adaptive traits |
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Term
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Definition
| the primate suborder that includes lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers |
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Term
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Definition
| a thumb that can touch all the other fingers |
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Term
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Definition
| two-footed, upright locomotion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| monkeys, apes, and humans |
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Term
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Definition
| marked differences in male and female anatomy and temperament |
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Term
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Definition
| small, arboreal, Asiatic apes |
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Term
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Definition
| under-the-branch swinging |
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Term
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Definition
| study of the evolutionary basis of social behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| superfamily that includes humans and all the apes |
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Term
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Definition
| earliest recognized hominin genus, Ethiopia |
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Term
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Definition
| common term for all members of the genus Austrolopithecus |
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Term
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Definition
| earliest known Australopithecus species, Kenya |
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Term
| Australopithecus afarensis |
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Definition
| early Australopithecus species, Tanzania |
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Term
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Definition
| Gracile Australopithecus species, South Africa |
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Term
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Definition
| less robust, smaller and slighter |
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Term
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Definition
| large, strong, sturdy bones, muscles, and teeth |
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Term
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Definition
| aka Paranthropus; robust Australopithecus species, South Africa |
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Term
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Definition
| late, hyperrobust Australopithecus species, East Africa |
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Term
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Definition
| earliest member of genus Homo |
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Term
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Definition
| tool-making Australopithecus species, Ethiopia |
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Term
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Definition
| earliest stone tools, sharp flakes struck from cores |
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Term
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Definition
| lower paleolithic tool tradition associated with H. erectus |
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Term
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Definition
| old stone age, including lower, middle, and upper |
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Term
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Definition
| early H. sapiens, includes Neandertals |
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Term
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Definition
| Archaic H. sapiens group inhabiting Europe and the Middle East from 130,000 to 28000 BP |
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Definition
| main epoch of evolution of Homo |
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Term
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Definition
| major advances of continental ice sheets in Europe and North America |
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Term
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Definition
| extended warm periods between glacials |
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Definition
| middle paleolithic tool tradition associated with neandertals |
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Term
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Definition
| anatomically modern humans |
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Term
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Definition
| very early AMHs found in Ethiopia |
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Term
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Definition
| The first fossil find of an AMH, from France's Dordogne Valley |
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Term
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Definition
| fully human behavior based on symbolic thought and cultural creativity |
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Term
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Definition
| blade-tool-making traditions of early AMHs |
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Term
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Definition
| basic upper paleolithic tool, hammered off a prepared core |
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Term
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Definition
| early american tool tradition; projectile point attached to hunting spear |
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Term
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Definition
| a lineage marked by one or more specific genetic mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| form used to structure a formal, but personal, interview |
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Term
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Definition
| form used by sociologists to obtain comparable information from respondents |
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Term
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Definition
| using diagrams and symbols to record kin connections |
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Term
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Definition
| expert on a particular aspect of local life |
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Term
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Definition
| research strategy focusing on local explanations and meanings |
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Term
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Definition
| of a key consultant, a personal portrait of someone's life in a culture |
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Term
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Definition
| people who teach an ethnographer about their culture |
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Term
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Definition
| research strategy emphasizing the ethnographer's explanations and categories |
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Term
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Definition
| long-term study, usually based on repeated visits |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of society through sampling, statistical analysis, and impersonal data collection |
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Term
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Definition
| a smaller study group chosen to represent a larger population |
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Term
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Definition
| a sample in which all population members have an equal chance of inclusion |
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Term
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Definition
| attributes that differ from one person or case to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| large, populous societies with stratification and a government |
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Definition
| idea of a single line or path of cultural development |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that histories are not comparable; diverse paths can lead to the same cultural result |
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Term
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Definition
| approach focusing on the role of sociocultural practices in social systems |
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Term
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Definition
| studying societies at one time |
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Term
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Definition
| studying societies across time |
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Definition
| view of culture as integrated and patterned |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that cultural infrastructure determines structure and superstructure |
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Term
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Definition
| the special domain of culture, beyond the organic and inorganic realms |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of symbols in their social and cultural context |
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Term
| interpretive anthropology |
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Definition
| the study of a culture as a system of meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| the actions of individuals, alone and in groups that create and transform culture |
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Term
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Definition
| the web of interrelated economic and power relations in society |
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Definition
| primary means of human communication, spoken and written |
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Term
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Definition
| communication systems of nonhuman primates |
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Definition
| transmission through learning, basic to language |
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Term
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Definition
| creating new expressions that are comprehensible to other speakers |
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Term
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Definition
| describing things and events that are not present, basic to language |
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Term
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Definition
| study of communication through body movements and facial expressions |
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Term
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Definition
| study of a language's phonemics and phonetics |
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Term
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Definition
| study of morphemes and word construction |
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Term
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Definition
| vocabulary; all the morphemes in a language and their meanings |
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Definition
| arrangement of words in phrases and sentences |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest sound contrast that distinguishes meaning |
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Definition
| study of speech sounds- what people actually say |
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Term
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Definition
| study of sound contrasts in a language |
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Definition
| idea that different languages produce different patterns of thought |
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Term
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Definition
| set of words describing particular domains of experience |
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Definition
| study of lexical categories and contrasts |
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Definition
| a language's meaning system |
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Definition
| varying one's speech in different social contexts |
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Definition
| language with "high" (formal) and "low" (informal) dialects |
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Definition
| terms of respect, used to honor people |
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Definition
| Rule-governed dialect spoken by some African Americans |
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Definition
| closely related languages |
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Definition
| study of language over time |
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Definition
| languages sharing a common parents language |
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Definition
| language ancestral to several daughter languages |
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Definition
| one among several culturally distinct groups in a society or region |
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Definition
| identification with an ethnic group |
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Definition
| any position that determines where someone fits in society |
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Definition
| social status based on little or no choice |
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Definition
| social status based on choices or accomplishments |
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Definition
| ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis |
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Definition
| discrimination against an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis |
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Definition
| social identity based on ancestry |
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Definition
| children assigned to the same group as minority parent |
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Definition
| class-structured, with differences in wealth, prestige, and power |
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Definition
| expressed physical characteristics of an organism |
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Definition
| society sharing a language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship |
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Definition
| stratified society with formal, central government |
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Definition
| an autonomous political entity; a country |
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Definition
| long-term foreign domination of a territory and its people |
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Definition
| absorption of minorities within a dominant culture |
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Definition
| ethnic groups that have, once had, or want their own country |
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Definition
| society with economically interdependent ethnic groups |
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Definition
| view of cultural diversity as valuable and worth maintaining |
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Definition
| devaluing a group because of its assumed attributes |
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Definition
| fixed ideas- often unfavorable- a bout what members of a group are like |
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Definition
| policies and practices that harm a group and its members |
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Definition
| people who flee a country to escape persecution or war |
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Definition
| deliberate elimination of a group through mass murder |
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Definition
| destruction of cultures of certain ethnic groups |
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Definition
| internal domination by one group and its culture or ideology over others |
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