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| the notion that cultures should be analyzed with reference to their own histories and values rather than according to the values of another culture |
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| examining societies using concepts, categories, and distinctions that are meaningful to members of that culture |
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| examining societies using concepts, categories, and rules derived from science; an outsider's perspective |
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| judging other cultures from the perspective of one's own culture |
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| the major research tool of cultural anthropology; includes both fieldwork among people in a society and the written results of such fieldwork |
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| the attempt to find general principles or laws that govern cultural phenomena |
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| an approach that considers culture, history, language, and biology essential to a complete understanding of human society |
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| a change in the biological structure of lifeways of an individual or population by which it becomes better fitted to survive and reproduce in its environment |
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| the spread of cultural elements from one culture to another |
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| the process of learning to be a member of a particular cultural group |
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| a theoretical position in anthropology associated with American anthropologists of the early 20th century that focuses on providing objective descriptions of cultures within their historical and environmental context |
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| shared ideas about the way things ought to be done, rules of behavior that reflect and enforce culture |
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| the ability of human individuals or cultural groups to change their behavior with relative ease |
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| something that stands for something else, central to culture |
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| shared ideas about what is true, right, and beautiful |
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| feelings of alienation and helplessness that result from rapid immersion in a new and different culture |
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| the fieldwork technique that involves gathering cultural data by observing people's behavior and participating in their lives |
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| the belief that some human populations are superior to others because of inherited, genetically transmitted characteristics |
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| a form of food production in which fields are in permanent cultivation using plows, animals and techniques of soil and water control |
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| production of plants using a simple, nonmechanized technology; fields are not used continuously |
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| a form of pastoralism in which the whole social group and their animals move in search of pasture |
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| a food-getting strategy that depends on the care of domesticated herd animals |
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| rural cultivators who produce for the subsistence of their households but are also integrated into larger, complex state societies |
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| settled, living in one place |
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| the pattern of behavior used by a society to obtain food in a particular environment |
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| a form of cultivation in which a field is cleared by felling the trees and burning the brush |
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| the giving and receiving of goods of nearly equal value with a clear obligation of a return gift within a specified time limit |
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| a ritual system common in Central and South America in which wealthy people are required to hold a series of costly ceremonial offices |
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| giving and receiving goods with no immediate or specific return expected |
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| a group of people united by kinship or other links who share a residence and organize production, consumption and distrubution among themselves |
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| an economic system in which goods and services are bought and sold at a money price determined primarily by the forces of supply and demand |
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| exchange conducted for the purpose of material advantage and the desire to get something for nothing |
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| a mutual give-and-take among people of equal status |
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| exchange in which goods are collected and then distributed to members of a group |
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| a category of persons who all have about the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power, or prestige |
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| a system where two or more categories of people are ranked high or low in relation to each other and have differential access to wealth and status |
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| the accumulation of material resources or access to the means of producing these resources |
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| a social position into which a person is born |
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| a social position that a person chooses or achieves on his or her own |
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| a system of stratification based on birth in which movement from one stratum to another is not possible |
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| categories of people who see themselves as sharing an ethnic identity that differentiates them from other groups or from the larger society as a whole |
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| a sovereign, geographically based state that identifies itself as having a distinctive national culture and historical experience |
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| the view that cultural diversity is a positive value and makes an important contribution to contemporary societies |
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| a view of ethnicity that holds that ethnic groups are distinguished by essential, historically rooted, and emotionally experienced cultural differences |
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