Term
| What are the four subfields of anthropology? |
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Definition
Cultural
Archeology
Physical/biological
Linguistic |
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Term
| In an undisturbed context, layer at the bottom of a stratigraphic profile are ________then layers at the top of the profile |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the three word definition of evolution? |
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Definition
| Descent with modification |
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Term
| Archeologists dig square holes. What are the dimensions of those and which system of measurement do they use? |
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Definition
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Term
| Observation, participant observation, informants, collecting genealogies, and collecting life histories are methods for doing what type of specific anthropological research? |
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Definition
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Term
| Archaeologists excavating Peublo Grasshopper in the 1950s collected all of the plain sherds and put them in a pile on the margin of the site. These sherds are in a…. |
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Definition
| Secondar context, because they were moved from their original site |
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Term
| An artifact is defined as "an object that owes its _______or _______ to human activity" |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 absolute dating methods we discussed in class |
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Definition
Radiocarbon (c14)
Tree Ring
Luminescence |
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Term
| What material do paleoanthropologists study to evaluate physical change through time? |
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Definition
| Skeletal remains (fossil hominids) |
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Term
| Name three disciplines mentioned in class that anthropologists borrow techniques from? |
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Definition
Geology
Geography
Chemistry |
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Term
| What event is being dated by radiocarbon dating methods? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which guy studied generations of pea plants and demonstrated independent assortment? |
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Definition
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Term
| Enculturation is defined as "the process by wich culture is _________ and ________ across generations. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mating outside your own group |
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Term
| Culture can change through three general processes. Name them. |
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Definition
Diffusion
Acculturation
Independent Invention |
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Term
| What type of researcher takes a variety of ethnographies and makes cross cultural comparisons? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the human species and its immediate ancestors |
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Term
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Definition
| The application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify assess, and solve contemporary social problems |
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Term
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Definition
| A systematic field of study or body of knowledge that aims, through experiment, observation, and deduction, to produce reliable explanations of phenomena, with reference to the material and physical world |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief that species arose from others through a long and gradual process of transformation, or DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which the forms most fit to survive ajd reproduce in a given environment do so in greater numbers than others in the same population. Differential reproductive success |
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Term
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Definition
| The social process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to view ones own culture as best and to judge the behavior and beliefs of culturally different people by ones own standards |
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Term
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Definition
| Idea that to know another culture requires full understanding of its member beliefs and motivations. These cultures differ and deserve respect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dating techniques that establish dates in numbers or ranges of numbers |
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Term
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Definition
Dating technique that establishes a time frame in relation to other materials. Not absolute dates.
Older than/younger than/same age. |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of earth sediments deposited in demarcated layers (strata) |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of human behavior through material remains |
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Term
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Definition
| Study societies firsthand, by living with and learning with the people. Participant observers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Question, Hypothesis, Collect data, Analyze data, Conclusion |
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Term
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Definition
Belief that explanations for past events should be sought in ordinary forces that continue to work today
Sir Charles Lyell |
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Term
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Definition
Claims that the aquired characteristics developed from practice became heritable characteristics.
Ex: Giraffe continuously stretching his neck |
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Term
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Definition
traits are inherited
those with favorable traits will survive
pass traits to offspring
individuals differ |
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Term
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Definition
Distinctly human, transmitted through learning, traditions and customs that govern behavior and beliefs.
Learning
Symbolic
Shared
Interact with nature
Adaptive and Maladaptive |
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Term
| Three categories of human traits |
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Definition
| Universal, General, particular |
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Term
| Three mechanisms of cultural change & their definitions |
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Definition
diffusion: borrowing of cultural traits between societies
acculturation:An exchange of cultural features between groups in firsthand contact
independent invention:The independent development of a cultural feature in different societies |
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Term
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Definition
Rights based on justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures and religions
Accepted by countries everywhere
Ex: murder |
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Term
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Definition
Study of hominid and human life through the fossil record
Goal: to reconstruct behavior and ecology of early hominins |
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Term
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Definition
Genetic analysis, involving comparison of DNA sequences, to determine evolutionary links and distances among species and among ancient and modern populations
Genetic distance between us an our ancestors
Look at blood types |
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Term
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Definition
Satellites
Planes, aerial shots
Remote sensing
Survey
Excavation |
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Term
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Definition
| stratigraphy, flourine absorption |
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Term
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Definition
Tree Ring
Radiocarbon
Luminescence |
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Term
| archeological record & what it consists of |
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Definition
Material evidence of human activities distributed across the landscape
consists of:
artifacts
ecofacts
features
sites
distributions |
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Term
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Definition
| traits that are similar because they are inherited from a common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| Traits that two species have in common because of independent evolution in similar environment, not shared ancestry |
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Term
| characteristic traits of the primate taxonomy (physical & social) |
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Definition
Physical:
manual dexterity
depth and color vision
larger brains
limited offspring
social:
parental investment
learning & teaching ability
adaptability
social activities |
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Term
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Definition
lesser apes: smaller more monkey like
great apes: chimps, gorillas, organgutans
humans no tails more complex |
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Term
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Definition
Relative orders of authority initially thought to be central to primate groups
aggression, leaders emerge
results of growing up and play groups
both male & female
females can outrank male |
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Term
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Definition
| to identify which behaviors have a genetic basis and which are learned |
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Term
| Bipedalism & associated anatomical traits |
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Definition
Walking on two feet
Spine has greater stress
Better balance over pelvis
Center of gravity over feet
Widened and shortened pelvis
connection to hip more flexible
Knees can bear more weight
Upright more efficient for cooling
greater access to food
can carry tools eaasier |
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Term
| Gracile Australopithicine |
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Definition
smaller/slighter
less robust
smaller skull |
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Term
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Definition
larger skull
large molars
massive jaws |
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Term
| anatomically modern humans, location, physical features, culture |
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Definition
beginning in 195 KYA
originated in africa
flat face
wide forehead
prominent chin
elaborate tools
burial rituals
body ornamentation
cave paintings
musical instruments |
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Term
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Definition
rapid expansion
enter land bridge
hunted large game
highly mobile
large territories
low populations
clovis points- high quality material
set into shafts, hafted
located in North America |
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Term
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Definition
route which people believe early humans used to enter north america
after ice melted, passageway left |
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Term
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Definition
route which people believe early humans used to enter north america
after ice melted, passageway left |
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Term
| anatomically modern humans |
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Definition
Homohabilis: "handy man"
brain size larger
2.4-1.6 MYA
smaller teeth
homo erectus:
upright man
1.8 KYA-200 KYA
skulls not quite modern
bodies very modern
tall
larger brains |
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