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| A system of belief based around the expected arrival of ancestral spirits in ships bringing cargoes of food and other goods |
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| a social institution characterized by sacred stories, symbols, and symbolism, the proposed existence of immeasurable beings, powers, states, places, and qualities; rituals and means of addressing the supernatural |
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| the notion that all objects living and nonliving are imbued with spirits |
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| a range of beliefs and practices regarding communication with the spiritual world; shamans are intermediaries between the human world and the spirit worlds |
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1. explain important aspects of the physical and social environments and give them meaning
2. to reduce anxiety and increase control
3. reinforce or challenge social order |
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| what are myths and what is their function? |
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Definition
| stories of historical events, heroes, gods, spirits, and creations that are held to true by members of a religion; describe and explain the cosmos and serve as forms of communication; legitimize beliefs, values, and customs |
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| what is symbolism and what is its function? |
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| something that stands for something else; allows people to grasp the concept of a religion without much knowledge of the underlying theory |
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| phases in rites of passage |
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| liminality, reincorporation, separation |
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| the stage of a rite of passage in which one has passed out of an old status but has not yet entered a new one |
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| a state of perceived solidarity, equality, and unity among people sharing a religious ritual |
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| religious practices centered around animals, plants, or other aspects if nature held to be ancestral or have other intimate relationships with members of a group |
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imitative magic: the procedure performed resembles the result desires; vodou
contagious magic: based on the idea that an object that has been in contact with a person retains a magical connection with that person; increase effective by putting the persons hair on the vodou doll
divination: obtaining useful or hidden knowledge from a supernatural authority; tarot cards, flipping a coin |
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| have direct personal experiences of the supernatural that other members of the community hold true; perform at illnesses, ceremonies, and crises |
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| one who is formally elected or appointed to a full time religious office; often associated with high powerful gods; generally in state societies |
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| their bodies contain a magical witchcraft substance; practice sorcery; witchcraft accusation throughout Europe |
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| people who create new religious ideas or call for a purification of existing religious practices |
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| a proclamation of reclaimed authority over a sacred tradition that is to be reinstated as a antidote for a society that is believed to have strayed from its cultural bearings |
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| aimed at restoring a past golden age when things seemed better |
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| Iroquois region that was the first case study of revitalization |
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| Historical circumstances of revitalization |
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| consciously seeks to construct a more satisfying culture; usually after conquest |
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| Revitalization in neo-Chumash ethnogenesis |
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| Why are Tirailleurs Senegalais resentful? |
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Definition
| Because he was part of the French army, as were many of his people, and they did not receive the credit they deserved |
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| origins of European expansion |
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| desire to spread Christianity, desire to find a variety of wonders, to find wealth and resources |
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| pillaging, looting, forced labor, joint stock companies |
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| methods of VOC (Dutch East India Company) |
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Definition
| solely interested in returning dividends to stockholders; they would become involved in local wars to persuade the natives that they were good and if that didn't work they used force |
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| placing military at the colonized site |
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| ruling an area but not having direct political and military control at the colony |
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| unpaid labor required by a governing authority |
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| reasons for decolonization |
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| civil disobedience, changing political structure, and changing economic structures |
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| Wallerstein's modern world-system |
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| describes modern global capitalism; the world is divided into core, semi-periphery, and periphery |
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| industrialized and politically militarily powerful nation-states |
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| mostly industrialized and not that powerful nation-states |
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| non-industrialized, economically and politically weak colonies or nation-states |
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bourgeoisie (capitalists)
proletarian (working class)
peasants |
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| migration of labor in world-system |
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Definition
| labor and goods move from underdeveloped, large rural places to highly industrialized nations |
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| basic human needs approach |
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improve quality of life by focusing on needs
failed because it wasn't efficient and didn't provide economic growth |
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| conquering foreign places for their resources and people |
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| a model of development that says some nations are poor because their societies are traditional. Such nations should achieve wealth by attempting to repeat the historical experiences of today's wealthy nations |
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| the government agency providing U.S. economic and humanitarian assistance worldwide |
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| failure of basic human needs approach |
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| failed because it focused on large-scale projects and technological change and had paid insufficient attention to improving the lives of the very poor |
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| political and economic policies promoting free trade, individual initiative, and minimal government regulations of the economy and opposing state control or subsidy to industries and all but minimal aid to impoverished people |
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| arguements for/against structural adjustment |
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Definition
for: previous policies were unsustainable ; unleashing the free market forces will promote industry, investment, and entrepreneurship
against: policies have created a spiral of deepening impoverishment |
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| A bank that loaned to poor women; helped thousands of impoverished families |
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| multinational corporations: businesses that own enterprises in more than one nation or that seeks the most profitable places to product and market their goods and services regardless of national regulations |
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| a derogatory term for a factory with bad working conditions; low wages, long hours, bad ventilation, and physical, mental, or sexual abuse. |
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| Nike's image suffered and working conditions improved in their factories |
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| relationship of poverty to population growth |
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| as population increases, poverty increases |
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| relationship of poverty to pollution |
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| poor nations tend to be dirtier and more polluting than similar industries in wealthy nations b/c less expensive technology tends to be more polluting |
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| cause of Rwandan genocide |
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| rivalry between Hutu and Tutsi; colonial policies favored the Tutsi |
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| start a better life; make more money |
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| Gmelch: Why do players use magic? |
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Definition
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| Gmelch: How do rituals originate |
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| originate out of exceptionally good performances |
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mentioning a no-hitter = pitcher loses his magic and blows the streak
crossing 2 baseball bats = brings bad luck |
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| an object that is attributed with the improvement of the player |
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| Bodley: What diseases are associated with economic development? |
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| diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and variety of circulatory problems |
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| Bodley: Why does malnutrition sometimes result? |
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| inadequate amounts of protein |
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| the effect of globalization on the environment of tribal areas |
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| In the Hopi origin myth, what form of subsistence did they choose when they came to earth? |
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| To Buddhists, spinning special wheels is a form of: |
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| What distinguishes a shaman from a priest? |
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| Shamans have direct experiences and contact with the supernatural on a regular basis. |
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| when two or more religions merge |
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| Characterists of Religion... |
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Definition
They include rituals and means of addressing the supernatural.
They involve sacred stories that members believe are important.
They all involve individuals who are particularly expert in the practice of religion |
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| What is the relationship between religion and social order? |
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Definition
| Religion usually preserves the social order, but it can also change it. |
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| What part of the whale body do the Inupiaq speakers of Alaska "return to the water" after the whale is killed? |
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Definition
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| Assets that a shaman brings to healing a patient |
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Definition
The shaman uses rituals that present a coherent model of sickness and health.
The shaman addresses the patient's
psychological state.
The shaman uses symbolism that resonates with the patient.
The shaman brings the culture's traditional pharmacopoeia. |
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| Prophecy and the founding of new religions often occurs among the: |
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| Flipping coins and reading your horoscope are classified as: |
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| The three most important reasons that colonies were granted independence are: |
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Definition
| changing political structures, changing economic structures, and civil disobedience. |
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| The history of anthropology was most directly affected by: |
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Definition
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| What was one of the most important means of wealth transfer in Europe? |
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Definition
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| The Dutch fought for a monopoly on which spices in Java? |
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Definition
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| What crop was the most important to the British (and Europe) from the Caribbean region during colonialism? |
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| How did the rapid spread of disease aid the Europeans in their conquest of other lands, especially the Americas? |
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Definition
It killed off people who could have resisted Europeans.
It made the Europeans see their conquest as God ordained.
It left native settlements without leaders.
It devastated native people's ability to subsist. |
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| Why did Europe begin massive colonization in the 1800s? |
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Definition
| The Industrial Revolution allowed them to develop more weapons and they had need for raw materials. |
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| How is colonialism distinct from other trade relations? |
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Definition
| Colonies were actively possessed by other countries for economic and political advantages. |
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| Were egalitarian societies easier for colonizers to administer? |
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Definition
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| Both anthropology and 19th century colonialism are products of: |
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| the industrial revolution |
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| The most dramatic and long-lasting result of the Industrial Revolution worldwide was: |
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| the creation of inequality between and within nations. |
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| What is a joint stock company? |
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Definition
| It is a company that sells shares and is owned by shareholders. |
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| a revitalization movement among the Plains Indians; specific rituals, dances, songs taught to the natives in response to the Euro-American invasion |
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Definition
| hold that the golden age is in the future not the past and that it can be achieved by following the teachings of the prophet |
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| focus on the coming of a special individual who will usher in a Utopian world |
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| envisioning a future cataclysm or disaster that will destroy the current world and establish in its wake a world characterized by their vision of justice |
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| Proponents of ____ argue that development fails when it focuses on large-scale projects and technological change and pays too little attention to improving the lives of the poor. |
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Definition
| basic human needs approach |
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Term
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Definition
| They are monies that migrants send to family in their home countries. |
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| What unique advantages do anthropologists bring to the study development projects? |
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Definition
| Anthropologists take a holistic approach to challenging situations. |
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| What caused the Agta of the Philippines to lose their traditional lands? |
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Definition
| population growth in neighboring areas |
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| What do The Gap, Old Navy, and Banana Republic have in common? |
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Definition
| They have all stocked consumer goods that were originally produced in sweatshops. |
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| Today, an estimated ____ people live outside of their countries of birth. |
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Definition
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| What remains today of the hunting-and-gathering lifestyle of the Ju/'hoansi? |
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Definition
| It has almost disappeared, as the traditional peoples have been resettled. |
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| What is a "carrying capacity"? |
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| It is the maximum population that the earth can support. |
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| What do we call the model of progress that starts with the presumption that former colonies are poor because they have underdeveloped, backward economies? |
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Definition
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| Why can employees in sweatshops not always support an improvement in working conditions? |
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Definition
| B) Many times when improved working conditions are forced on a sweatshop, they can cause a company to move, making workers lose their jobs. |
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Term
| Revitalization in neo-Chumash ethnogenesis |
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Definition
| revitalization movement ; a lot of people that took part were not biologically descended |
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Term
| What is the promise of fair trade coffee certification for producers and consumers? |
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Definition
a more moral way of buying coffee; being paid fairly; farmers go directly to the market with no middle man
closer ties between consumers and producers |
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Definition
| when coffee prices were high fair trade did not offer a better price than normal |
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| What are the negative consequences of dietary changes associated with development? |
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Definition
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| Why does malnutrition sometimes occur? |
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Definition
| it is linked to mental retardation |
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| Meaning and use of trail-goes-down-between-two-hills |
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Definition
| a person has come back from a strayed path; returned from unacceptable behavior |
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| Basso's difficulty understanding Dudley's explanation of wisdom |
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Definition
| Doesn't make sense because world views are so different |
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| How is wisdom associated with places? |
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Definition
| places are the source of a story; presence of being in that place helps us reflect on that moment in history |
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| combats external distractions |
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| combats internal distractions |
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