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| Hijra gender and cultural role |
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Definition
born male but considered neither male nor female
dress like women but cannot bear children
performers at child births |
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| sex refers to the biological differences between men and women; gender refers to cultural classification of male and female |
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| Sambia ritual homosexuality |
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| boys must obtain seman from the elder men |
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| cultural patterning in sexual orientation |
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Definition
| homosexuality is accepted in many cultures |
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Definition
transition from one social status to another
Ex: separation, circumcision, teach how to function in adulthood |
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| widespread need to publicly test and prove ones manhood; proposed by David Gilmore; helps ensure the men will fulfill their roles as procreators, providers, and protectors |
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| the ways in which gendered activities and attributes are deferentially valued and related to the distribution of resources, prestige, and power in a society |
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| a gender system in which women's status is lowered by their cultural identification with the home and children, whereas men are identified with the public, prestigious economics, and political roles |
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| gender relations in subsistence groups |
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Definition
foraging: fairly egalitarian; both genders contribute to the food supply
horticulture: high degree of sexual separation, based on kinship groups
pastoral: male dominated, men own livestock
agriculture: male dominated, decline of women participation with introduction of plow; greater inequality
industrial: just think of us, obviously |
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Definition
| young women workers in Ngai; 15 hour work days in sweatshop factories; live and work under strict rules & low wages; provides escape from patriarchal structure |
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| wealth and power in Asante |
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Definition
| political power is closely related to individual wealth; social stratification based on wealth; believe that wealthy deserve to hold power |
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Definition
| the ability to exercise one's will over overs to cause individuals or groups to take action that they might not take otherwise |
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Definition
| socially approved use of power; based on honor, status, knowledge, ability, respect, and/or holding office |
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Definition
| the degree to which political roles, institutions, and processes are centralized and differentiated from other social institutions; in smaller societies the uses of power, authority, and decision making are more highly integrated |
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Definition
| a society in which mo individual or group has more power, access to resources or prestige than any other |
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Term
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Definition
| a society characterized by institutionalized differences in prestige but no important restriction on access to basic resources |
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Definition
| a society characterized by formal, permanent social and economic inequality in which some people are denied access to basic resources |
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Definition
| effective because most people value esteem of others; examples: gossip, ridicule, & avoidance; mainly small societies |
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Definition
| a means of social control through the application of force by those who have authority to do so |
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Definition
| minimal role specialization, few differences of wealth, prestige, and power, no formal leadership, consensus decisions, use gossip and such |
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Definition
| community; an organized society or fellowship |
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Definition
| specialized association based on age; childhood-->warrior-->adult-->senior |
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Definition
| a self-made leader who gains power and authority through personal achievement |
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Definition
| a society is characterized by the organization of the society into segments |
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Definition
| refers to the dominance the state achieves through internalization of elite values by those in the larger society |
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| a category or persons who all have about the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power, and prestige; possibility for movement |
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Definition
| a system of stratification based on birth with no social mobility |
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Definition
| possibilities for movement between classes |
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Definition
| a perspective on social stratification that focuses on inequality as a source of conflict and change |
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Marx: focus on economic or class interest, conscious upon their economic status
Weber: importance of other social memberships such as family; value prestige and symbolic aspects of your status |
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Definition
| a social position into which a person is born into |
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| a social position in that a person chooses or achieves on his/her own |
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Definition
| stratified system based on achievement |
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Definition
| stratified system based on ascription |
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Term
| american dream vs reality |
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Definition
| American dream is immigrants in search of wealth and success in American however, few people actually achieve the American Dream; also linked to race, gender, and ethnicity; stories of upward mobility |
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Term
| cultural dimensions of classes |
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Definition
| each class is perceived differently due to wealth, attitude, lifestyle, standards of living, etc. |
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Term
| globalization for Chinese peasants |
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Definition
| caused liberation for many Chinese farmers |
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Definition
Hindu caste categories (4) ranked according to religious purity
Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, Shudras |
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| ideological justification of Indian caste |
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Definition
1. benefiting upper and lower classes equally
2. virtue of actions in previous life |
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Definition
| Camars are shoemakers and with the higher demand for shoes many became wealthy which caused them to try to raise their caste ranking when this didn't work, they turned to Buddhism |
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Definition
| new racial and ethnic social structure in Hawaii; whites on top then natives,; turn from republican to democratic |
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Term
| cultural construction of race |
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Definition
| based on perceived physical differences |
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Term
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Definition
| the South American system of multiple exclusive racial groups (black and white mainly) that treats each group differently in law and life |
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Term
| U.S. vs Brazilian race classification |
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Definition
| Brazillian classification is much more complex, some of those who would be considered black by US standards would not be in Brazil; both have very different cultural constructs of race; this shows that racial inequality is a serious issue |
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Term
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Definition
| the sense of self a person experiences as a member of an ethnic group |
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Definition
| categories of people who view themselves as sharing an ethnic identity |
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Definition
| cultural attributed by which ethnic groups distinguish themselves from others |
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Definition
| a view of ethnicity that holds ethnic groups are distinguished by essential, historically rooted, and emotionally experienced cultural differences |
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Term
| construction of national identities by nation-states |
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Definition
| drawing boundaries between insiders and outsiders; attaching people to a space; creating traditions such as national anthems and holidays |
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| those small-scale societies that occupied land prior to European contact |
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| people should abandon their cultural traditions and become wholly absorbed into their new cultural society |
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| the view that cultural diversity is a positive value and makes an important contribution to contemporary society |
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| reimagining immigrants in Shandon |
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Definition
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| dowry death and relationship to property |
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Definition
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| psychotherapeutic characteristics |
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| final resolution of disputes |
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| is the transformation of goods, ideas, or other entities that may not normally be regarded as goods into a commodity. |
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| origins of domestic workers |
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Definition
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| characteristics of white privilege |
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Definition
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| common idea in many cultures; neither man nor women |
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Definition
| reciprocity and redistribution; no important differences in wealth, prestige, & power; no centralized government but have Bigman; use compensation and mediation |
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Term
| social control in chiefdoms |
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Definition
| structured social classes; chief or council; usually ranked societies; organized through kinship ties |
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Definition
| central government w/ force; set of fixed rules; |
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