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| the study of people, biological creatures |
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| study where you look at both genetics and culture. what it means to be human. |
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| looking at every aspect of humans. very broad. |
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| comparing behaviors within/between groups. |
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| looking down on other cultures expecting them to do as you do. |
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| what you should strive for. study within historical and environmental factors and do not pass judgement. |
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| a period of time in which an anthropologist collects data. can be anywhere. |
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| Linguistic Anthropology (subset) |
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scientific study of language.
how people communicate, appropriate use of language.
Can involve gender.
Origins and dialects. |
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| Sociocultural Anthropology (subset) |
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Culture - a learned behavior that is distinct among a group of people, passed down. dress, food, politics, beliefes.
- Medicinal Anthro - how cultures respond to sickness |
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study of the past based on material remains.
pottery, ceramics, tools.
Historic vs. Prehistoric
Old world vs. New world. |
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| Physical (biological) Anthropology (subset) |
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Definition
Oldest.
Study of humans and related primates.
-Osteology - study of skeleton (sex, race, disease) |
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| Physical Anthropology (continued) |
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Evolutionary Theory - change over time, ranging from population change to new species
Paleoanthropolgoy - study of fossils related to humans
Primatology - study of primates
Human variation - how different people respond to different diseases. |
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- problem identified
- hypothesis established
- data collection (experimentation)
- Theory (can change) |
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Father of american anthropology.
Had idea of 4 subfields.
Trained early well no anthropologists |
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American.
Interested in skull shape.
Most complete bone collection.
Began American Journal for Physical Anthropology.
Founded American Association of Anthropologists. |
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4 Ideas
- species change - evolution
- branching - all living things came form a common ancestor.
- Gradualism - change is gradual
- Natural Selection - recognizes role of nature |
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Feudal system.
King, Church, Feudal Lords. |
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Order - things had a heriarchal order
Stasis - things do not change, influenced by religion |
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14-18th century.
Enlightenment.
Invention of printing press.
Increased exploration.
Telescope. |
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| Carolus Linnaeus (Dawin influence) |
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| Binomial Nomenclature - two word system for classifying organisms, genius species |
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| french man who recognized the influence of enviroment on life |
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- believed species could change over time.
- inheritance of aquired characteristics |
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- Catastrophism - multiple catastrophes caused extincition.
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Uniformitariasim - process where things from the past still work.
- landscape is constantly changing |
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| Demographer - studies population |
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| influence of enviroment, natural selection, and survival. |
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On the beagle, journeyed around the world.
Galapagos Islands
Worked with Wallace, survival of fitest and natural selection. |
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- biological variation
- reproduction/competition
-advantageous traits
-assed on/accumulate
-Fitness - describes individually who successful pass on traits. |
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| Study Examples of Natural Selection |
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| Homuncleus - fully formed person in sperm cell |
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- basic unit of life
- Prok and Euk
- somatic cells- make up tissue
- gametes - sex cells |
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1944 - transmission
1954 - structural/ functional model
Watson, Crick nobel prize.
2 chains of nucleoties (sugar, phosphate)
Base - agct |
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Definition
gene - sequence of dna
Karyotupe
Chromosome - sequence of genes, 46
Autosome - physical trait 44
sex chromosome - determine sex 2
homologous - traits line up 23 |
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somatic cell division.
2 daughter cells, identical.
Diploid-46 |
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Leads to sex cells.
Recombination
4 daughter cells, not identical.
haploid - 23 |
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| failure of chromosomes in meiosis |
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Father of modern genetics.
Worked with pea plants. |
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| chromosomes occur in pairs, seperate, and reunite at fertilization. |
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| sequence of dna for a trait |
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| location of a gene on a chromosome |
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genetic material (Tt)
physical expression (tall) |
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| principle of independent assortment |
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| genes that code for different traits will seperate independently |
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| Punnett Squares - Mendelian Inheritance |
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| inheritance of traits that follows simple patterns. “Mendelian traits/ traits of simple inheritance” means that the traits are controlled by genes at only one locus. These traits tend to be discreet and tend to be either present or absent. Either you have it or you don’t. |
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- ability to taste PTC, very bitter
- tongue roll |
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Alleles (a,b,o) code for antigens on cells
- types are a, b, ab, o
- a and b are codominate
- a-(AA or AO) is recessive
- AB is universal recipient
- o is universal donor |
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| Traits coded for by genes at more than one locus |
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can affect polygenic traits
Dominant disorders - brach and ach
recessive - cystic |
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| changes in the frequency of a trait |
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| mutation, the production, and distribution of variation and natural selection are both at work (influence of environment |
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| compounded, long term change. |
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| people do not evolve, populations do. |
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| movement of alleles through groups |
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| changes in alleles through random events |
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| large population suddenly reduced. |
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| small groups separate and colonize. |
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| biological variation leading to differential success under specific environmental circumstances. |
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| mutation causes hemoglobin molecules to be deformed. |
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| maintenance of two or more alleles. |
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| all people descend from a single original pair |
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| different populations came from different original pairs |
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| Mid 19th century - biological determinism |
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| behavioral attributes associated with genetic traits |
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Species
cultural/ethnic identity
religious identity
physical characteristics |
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| Human variation - human response to stress |
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Definition
cultural - cloths, fireplace,
acclimization (physilogical) - sun burn
developmental - lung capacity at altitude, not reversable.
Genetic - skin color, not reversable and inherited. |
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| Solar Radiation - skin pigmentaion |
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melanin - protection
- need for vitamin d made lighter skin |
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Heat - easier to handle
vasodialation - when capalaries dialte
Cold - shiver generates heat
cold places have higher metabolic rate.
Vasoconstriction - capillaries constrict. |
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| Bergmann's and Allen's rules |
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Definition
- corelation between body size and shape relative to equator
Bergman's - size increases with distance from equator.
Allen's-within a species, limb length decreases as distance from the equator increases. |
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Definition
25,000 above 10,000
Hypoxia - body has to work harder for oxygen
Moken people - dive 75 feet for food |
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