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| the study of humankind, viewed from the perspective of all people and all times |
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| what is physical anthropology? |
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| cultural anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and physical anthropology |
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| what are the four branches of anthropology? |
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| another name for physical anthropology |
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| study past human societies, focusing mostly on their material remains; such as animal and plant remains and places where people lived in the past. |
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| learned behavior that is transmitted from person to person |
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| material objects from past cultures; ex: weaponry and ceramics |
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| study the construction and use of language by human societies |
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| a set of written or spoken symbols that refer to things other than themselves |
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| the science of investigating language's social contexts |
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| the scientific study of the interrelationship between what humans have inherited genetically and culture |
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| a group of extinct and living bipedal primates in the family Hominidae. includes all humanlike beings that postdate the split between the evolutionary lineage that led to modern humans (homo) and the lineage that led to living chimpanzees |
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| a group of mammals that have complex behavior, varied forms of locomotion, and a unique suite of traits, including larger brains, forward-facing eyes, fingernails, and reduced snouts |
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| set the standard for how anthropology is today; "4-field" approach; biocultural perspective |
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| the great organizer; he organized a bunch of scientists into the American Journal of Physical Anthropology. |
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| Started the American Association of Physical Anthropology |
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| had the idea that species change (evolution) |
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| the idea that multiple species can descend from a single species and that all these descendants are going to be related |
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| any changes that occur, occurs gradually over a course of time |
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| recognizing the natural influence of the environment; the importance of variation |
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| there is a higher oracle/order to life |
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| to remain the same; never change |
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| a supreme being created and existed at the top of a natural order. |
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| who thought of binomial nomenclature |
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| French scholar; inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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| a characteristic that is aquired during a persons lifetime can then be inherited |
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| there were periodic disturbances that would impact the earth. once they occured, they would wipe out an organism (extinction) and the remaining forms from surrounding areas would come and populate the area |
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| inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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| geological processes from the past are the same processes at work today (ex: wind, rain, hurricanes, erosion) |
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| studied population; a populations size is limited by the resources that are available |
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| independently came up with natural selection |
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| an upper canine that, as part of a nonhoning chewing mechanism, is not sharpened against the lower third premolar |
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| the part of culture that is expressed as objects that humans use to manipulate environments |
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| bipedalism, nonhoning chewing, complex material culture and tool use, hunting, speech, and dependence on domesticated foods |
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| what are the 6 key attributes that separate humans from animals |
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| evidence gathered to help answer questions, solve problems, and fill gaps in scientific knowledge |
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| testable statements that potentially explain specific phenomena observed in the natural world |
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| an empirical research method in which data is gathered from observations of phenomena, hypotheses are formulated and tested, and conclusions are drawn that validate or modify the original hypotheses |
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| verified trough observation and experiment |
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| a set of hypotheses that have been rigorously tested and validated, leading to their establishment as a generally accepted explanation of specific phenomena |
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| pertaining to an organism's physical structure |
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| tree-dwelling, adapted to living in the trees |
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| developed the hypotheses that the origin of human bipedalism was linked to the shift from life in the trees to life on the ground |
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| physical shape and appearance |
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| a theory that becomes absolutely true |
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