Member of the evolutionary group that includes out species, homo sapiens.

1. humans and human ancestors

2. bipedal

3. large brain

4. toolmaking behavior

study of anatomical and behavioral human evolution. EX. FOSSIL RECORD

1. dating

2. paleoecology

3. archaeological traces of behavior

4.anatomical evidence

-What :excavation from the 30s to the 80s 

-Where: Tanzania, Africa

-Who: The Leakeys

-Had well documented sequence

-Found hominin remains

-faulted geological data

-volcanic processes

 Relative dating. Applied to bones to assess the amount of fluorine(ground water) incorporated during fossilization. The more fluorine the OLDER. 

Only works for bones found in same general area.

Diverse forms, some more primitive, others highly derived  (4.2-1.2 mya)

2 groups : australopithecus and paranthropus

3.3-2.1 mya. South Africa. Brain=440cm3, big teeth.

TAUNG CHILD

a cultural period usually associated with modern humans but also found with some neanderthals and distinguished by technological innovation in various stone tool industries. ***EUROPE

Pleistocene="Ice Age"

Massive glaciations (15 major & 50 minor)

Causes climate, plants, animals to all shift

 Africa goes from lush to dry.

Interglacial periods

-Mix between H. Erectus and H. Sapiens

- Minor differences in each continent

-Brain size increase

-Change in skull shape

-Used achulean tools and llevalois

-temporary shelters

-wood spear found related to them

- 300,000-125,000 y.a.

-Zambie

-massive brow ridge

-low cranial vault

-prominent occipital torus

- 1100-1300 cm3 brain size

-Ethiopia

-600,000 y.a.

- Earliest H. Heidelbergensis in Africa

-Had cutmarks

-H. Heidelbergensis site

-400,000 years old site

-elephant tusks were found

-

-Spain

-Resembles Dmanisi fossils, tools and bones

-1.2 mya

-Nodule (chipped on the perimeter)

-Flakes are radially removed from top surface

-A final blow struck at one end removes a large flake

-Not fully Homo Sapiens yet.

-Definite increase brain size

-Occipital Bun

-Robust

-Large face, projecting brows, vertical forehead,thick rounded skulls, bigger brain, vertical nose, and less angled occipital

-50,000 y.a.

- 40 year old male

- arthritic

- shallow grave

- non-humn bones over the head

-brain=1620 cm3

-Site of Neanderthal fossil discovery

-110,000 ya

-cannibalistic? 

- 130,000 to 110,000 years ago

- full neandertal morphology

- one of the oldest intentional burial sites

- around 70 individuals

-45-35,000 ya

-Cave in Iraq

-found a disabled male (35-45 years old)

-1600 cm3 brain size

●      Pertaining to the stone tool technology used by neandertals and associated with both Neandertals and Homo sapiens

●      Larger proportion of flake tools than is found in Achuelian tool kits 

●      Evolved in Africa, now worldwide

●      200,000 - Present

●      Species in which we belong

●      Not full Homo sapiens yet

●      Same Homo erectus traits:

 large face, projecting brows, low forehead, thick skull

Some Modern Traits:

●      Bigger brain

●      More rounded skull

●      More vertical nose

●      Less angles occipital

●      had a chin

●      Earliest modern human yet found in Africa or for the matter of fact, anywhere.(Ethiopia)

●      Found on the Homo sapiens in africa slide

●      oldest

●      chin

●      modern cranium

●      195,000 ya

●      found on the Homo sapiens in africa slide

●      160,000-154,000 ya

●      thick skull

●      arching brows

●      occipital torus

●      brain= 1450 cm3

●      “Near modern”

●      10 individuals with modern traits

●      Earliest presence of modern humans outside of Africa

●      Was a cave site for Homo sapiens in the Near East called Mt. Carmel

●      they were modern vault height

●      modern forehead

●      no prognathism

●      130,000-92,000 ya ( more precise date: 115,000 ya)

●      prymidial process present 

●      was a cave site for Homo sapiens in the Near East

●      they were modern vault height

●      20 individuals that expresses modern traits

●      modern forehead

●      no prognathism-

●      130,000-92,000 ya (more precise date: 110,000 ya)

●      fairly robust

●      Czech Republic

●      26,000 ya

●      provides another example of a central European early modern human

●      small figurines fashioned from clay there (fired) 

●      found on the Homo sapiens in Europe slide

●      28,000 ya

●      “caveman”

●      rock shelter in france

●      Aurignacian tool technology

●      earliest of Frances modern Humans 

●      By 60,000 years ago

●      Would have needed boats

●      Receding foreheads

●      Heavy brows

●      Thick bones

●      Australians may have come from ancestral Indonesians

●      may have sailed by raft to get there 50,000ya 

-Neandertals may have borrowed technological methods and tools (such as from blades) from the anatomically modern populations and thereby modified their own tools, creating a new industry.

-Pertaining to an upper Paleolithic industry found in France and Spain, containing blade tools and associated with Neandertal

●      Tool industry in Europe

●      The last stage of the Upper Paleolithic

●       The spear-thrower, or atlatl, was a wooden or bone hooked rod , that extended the hunter’s arm enhancing the force and the distance of the spear throw

●      For catching salmon and fish , the barbed harpoon.

●      Evidence of bows and arrows may have been used for the first time during this time period

●      Introduction of much more efficient manufacturing methods, such as the punch blade technique

●      Made with pressure flaking

●      Considered the most highly developed of any upper paleolithic industry

●      parallel flakes lance heads, expertly  flaked on both surfaces

●      Lance point delicacy could be considered works of art

●      beads, Ivory, bone were buried with some of the individuals as seen in Neandertals

●      They were also buried in flexed position

●      Not necessarily meaning they were important just that they were important to whomever was burying them

●      this showed some form of alturism and possible compassion for their kind

●      realization of purpose 

●      H. heidelbergensis

●      H. neandertalensis

●      and maybe H.erectus

Lascaux and Altamira

(a)A large core is selected and the top portion is removed by the use of a hammerstone

(b)The objective is to create a flat surface called a striking platform

(c)Next, the core is struck  by use of  a hammer and punch (made of bone or antler) to remove the long narrow flakes (called blades).

(d) or the blade can be removed by pressure flaking

(e) the result is the production of highly consistent sharp blades, which can be used ,as is, as knives; or they can be further modified (retouched) to make a variety of other tools (such as burins,scrapers, and awls)