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| What are anthropology's sub-disciplines? |
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Definition
| Cultural, archaeology, physical/biological, linguistic, and +1 applied |
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| The comparative study of human society and culture |
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| How culture is learned and used, how culture persists and changes, similarity and difference across culture, study of dynamics of particular cultures as a way to better understand humanity across time and space |
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| Study of the past through material remains, reconstruct human behavior using material remains, explanation and analysis of historical and prehistorical societies |
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| Physical/Biological Anthropology |
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| Focus on the biocultural evolution of humans, human ancestors, relatives of humans, and how they bioculturally adapt to different environments and challenges, also studies human relatives |
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| Study of languages past and present, study of how people us language in verbal and non-vebral ways, study of how languages vary in a society and across time, study how languages evolves/spread/become extinct |
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| Using one's own society to judge and analyze other (prejudice) |
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| Combining human biology, history, and shared patterns of human behavior to make assumptions |
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| Theory of unilinear evolution, stating that societies moved in a linear motion from primitivism to savagery to civilization, we must all pass through those stages |
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| Simple to complex stages of development, agreed with Tylor's unilinear evolution theories |
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| Bronislaw Malinowski and A. R. Radcliffe Brown |
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| Believed in functionalism, culture consists of parts that serve a function or a whole, focused on what people of a culture share in common (not concerned with history or change) interested in objective realism and kinship |
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| Historical particularism, believed that focus on history, details, inductive reasoning and argued for focus on specificity of cultures (ethnography) |
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| Structuralism, believed in focus oon deep knowledge/grammar, focus on universals (binary oppositions) |
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| Leslie White, Julian Steward, Marvin Harris |
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Definition
| Neoevolutionism, believed in multilinear evolution, reworking of simple to complex ideas, removed prejudices, used ethnology and ethnography to reformulate old ideas, categorized culture area and types, specified influence of local environment on culture |
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| Imperial Anthropologists/First Field Workers |
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| Franz Boaz and Bronislaw Malinowski |
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| Select a problem or issue, find a location, develop key contacts, record all date over period of time |
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| Cultural ecology, ecological functionalism, believed where an area is located determines how their economics function and what they produce |
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| Three types of political organization model (egalitarian, rank, and state-stratified) |
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| Four types of political organization model (bands, tribes, chiefdoms, states) |
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| Theory of how ideas and technology spread through culture |
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| Tangible, human, and symbolic |
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| Public goods, self-serving, common good, basic problems |
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| Universals of Anthropology |
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Definition
| All people form families and structure their relationships, communicate, dance, rituals, family |
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| Particulars of Anthropology |
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| People have developed different ways of forming families and structuring relationships and culture |
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| Living with your mother or father's family on their land after you are married |
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| Living on your own after you are married |
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| Tracing your mother or father's line of descent |
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| Detailed work of data from the field |
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| Greater awareness of how we relate to and interact with other people and how we represent them |
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| Inductive/Deductive Reasoning |
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Definition
| Deductive goes from generic to specific, inductive goes from specific to generic |
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| Dualistic Conceptual Continuum |
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| Scale on which materialism/objectivism are on the left, culture is in the middle, and idealism/subjectivism are on the left |
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| Culture is learned, culture depends upon language and symbols, culture is integrated, culture is shared, culture is adaptive, and culture changes |
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| Migration, trade, war, conquest, inter-marriage, exploration |
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| Peak of modernism, allowed no single superior vantage point in anthropology |
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| The need to avoid biases/tainted research in the field and the beginning of long-term study |
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| A flux of colored people entering the field, allowed the benefits of studying those who are similar to you |
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| Flux of women in the field (now 60%), allowed women's roles in societies to be published, child rearing, etc. |
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| Similar to the scientific method of study |
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| Ethnographic Research Cycle |
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| Circular research cycle, select a problem or issue, find a location, develop key contacts, collect data, study literature, develop questions, interpret results |
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| Reflection of our own culture, understood as an isolated domain |
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| All peoples have unlimited wants but limited needs, decisions must be made to maximize the economy for specific cultures |
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| Snow and ice covered, permeable, life limited |
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| Various and limited flora and fauna, waterless zones, able to support life with irrigation |
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| Flat, open spaces not suitable for cultivation due to weather unpredictability |
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| Warm, shady areas, large ecosystems, dry wetlands have rich soil, wet tropics have depleted soil and uncontrollable vegetation |
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| Most hospitable for human life, variable ecosystems, fresh water, fertile soil |
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| Vary in plant and animal life, challenge to keep soil from washing away |
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| Foraging, horticulture, pastoralism, agriculture, industrialism |
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| Adaptive strategy for nomadic peoples, low population density (6-8 MYA) |
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| Horticulture/Swidden Agriculture |
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| Slash and burn techniques, alternative fields, semi-permanent lifestyles, tropical climates, human power only |
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| Transhumance and nomadism |
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| Intensive agriculture uses domesticated animals/machine technology, promotes sedimentary living, population growth (10-12 KYA) |
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| Use of machines and not hmans for production, changes how humans related to their physical environment and each other (poverty, distribution by trade, and capitalism introduced) (300 YA) |
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| Anthropology offers a maximalist view of politics, political scientists and economists offer a minimalistic approach |
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| Theoretical Frameworks of Political Anthropology |
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| Struture-functionalism, process/processual, political evolution, political economy, and postmodern |
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| From the 1950s-60s, focus on function and maintenance of politics and economics in society (focus on individual) |
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| Focused on how individuals plan and achieve goals |
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| Relationship between politics and economics relationship to each other through history on society |
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| Began to challenge established views of experts said to be "truth", says all narratives must be evaluated |
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| Followers, benefactors, loyalists |
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| Bedrock of leadership, not close to leaders, leaders focus on balancing alienating versus appeasing followers |
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| Provide tangible resources to keep followers happy, leaders obligated to appease benefactors, benefactors in turn are closer to leaders |
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| Enduring support for leader out of moral commitment, don't need resources as much as followers do |
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| Episodic, village leaders, Big Men, chieftains, shamans, kings, politicians (status leaders or office holdres) |
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| Morton Fried's Three Types |
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| Egalitarian, Rank, State-Stratified |
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| Consists of bands and tribes, mode of production is foraging or Swidden slash and burn methods, bilateral, nomadic, flexible membership, low population density, and osogmous |
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| Consists of tribes and chiefdoms, mixed strategies of production, stratified, redistribution, low violence, and complex |
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| Consists of governments and bureaucracy, mode of production is intensive agriculture and industrialism, hierarchal, monoply on violence, heterogenous |
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| Elman Service's Four Types |
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Definition
| Bands, Tribes, Chiefdoms, States |
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| Challenges All Leaders Face |
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Definition
| Building and maintaining support |
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| Dimensions of Stratification |
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Definition
| Wealth, social class, power, status, social mobility, and ideology |
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Definition
| How do societies function together and how do they not fall apart? |
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| Argues that stratification serves positive purposes, stratification rewards people with money and prestige and allocated people to positions with functional significance, believed full equality would lead to someone who does a poor job to get rewarded at the same rate as someone who does an outstanding job (capitalism) |
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| Karl Marx and Fredrick Ingles |
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Definition
| Conflict focus, stratification is a problem, result from peoples different access to resources, only intensified by capitalism |
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| Stratification is neither bad or good, about competition revolving around people competing on income/prestige/power/space |
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| Permanent social and economic inequality, people can be denied access to basic resources needed to survive, societies have not always been stratified |
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| If you are scribed, you are born into a social condition, if it is achieved, your efforts earn you your social state |
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| Strongy held cultural belief with moral and political implications (central to stratification), people need explanations of why things are the way they are |
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| Dominant is used to maintain, rationalize and naturalize an existing order while subversive is used to challenge dominant ideologies by providing a counter prospective on a dominant ideology |
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| Anthropology that includes political action as a major goal of field work |
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| Collaborative Anthropology |
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| Ethnography that gives priority to informants o the topic, methodology, and written results of research |
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