Term
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Definition
| anthropology is the study of human biology/culture through both time and geographic space |
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Term
| what is biological anthropology |
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Definition
| biological anthropology is the study of the evolution of humans through both the past and present, looks to find why people vary |
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Term
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Definition
| archaeology is the study of human material culture, such as pottery and tools, helps understand what people were doing in the past |
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Term
| what is the difference between biological anthropology and archaeology |
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Definition
| biological anthropology focuses on human biology and the variations that it holds, whereas archaeology focuses on human past and present through material remains |
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Term
| what are the four fields of anthropology |
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Definition
1. biological anthropology: the study of the variations that exist in humans based on biology
2. archaeology: the study of the past and present through materials
3. cultural anthropology: study cultures of living people, and their variations
4. linguistic anthropology: the study of languages and the similarities and differences that lie within |
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Term
| Hallmarks of the Anthropological Approach |
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Definition
Holistic
Biological Approach
Comparative
Fieldwork |
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Term
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Definition
| looking at the WHOLE picture, taking information from every available source to better understand |
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Term
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Definition
| examines how biology and culture affect each other. ex: race is usually a ccultural term, but can also be used as a biological component. examines distance between biology and race and culture and race |
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Term
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Definition
| cross-cultural comparison, focuses more on non-western non-industrialized groups |
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Term
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Definition
| anthropologists collect data in the field, digging for fossils, interview people, and collect other data |
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Term
what constitutes scientific literacy |
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Definition
1. Facts: claims about the worlds empirical content (9 planets, world is round)
2. Empirical: based on experiments or observation, not theory
3. Process: a way of knowing, different than other fields, ex) philosophy and religion aren't science Scientific
4. Method: construct a hypothesis and test it in a systematic way, keep trying and modifying hypothesis until it is right
5. Scientific theory: when repeatedly confirmed through empirical data, becomes scientific theory, unless proven false after |
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Term
| what is the scientific method |
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Definition
| the standard procedure of research and testing that any hypothesis must go through in order to be considered science: hypothesis is stated, data is collected to test it,, and hypothesis is either supported or refuted. process involves observation of a natural phenomenon with some deduction about its cause |
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Term
| what is is intelligent design |
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Definition
| says natural selection cannot account for the amount of diversity and complexity of form in nature |
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Term
| why is intelligent design not science |
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Definition
| improbable things DO happen, and their argument is unscientific |
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Term
| what is scientific creationism |
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Definition
| believe that evolution is a theory that has no more scientific validity than biblical explanations, believe earth is 6000 years old |
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Term
| why isnt scientific creationism science |
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Definition
| study of fossil record and radiometric dating of the earth, also, because fossils are so few and far between, that shows god didn't do it |
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Term
| "the most logical explanation is not necessarily correct" |
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Definition
| sometimes a statement seems like it makes sense, but still might not be correct ex) man eats cheerios every day and lowers cholesterol, but did he start working out more too? must ave all data to know what the case is |
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Term
| "a correlation doesnt necessarily imply a cause" |
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Definition
| two things can be correlated but not caused, gray hair and death; ice cream sales and murder rate, both go up in summer |
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Term
| What are the three premises of Darwin's theory of natural selection? |
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Definition
1. trait must be inherited
2. trait in question must show variation between individuals
3. environment must put some pressure on the organism or its genetic makeup in order to make a change |
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Term
| Compare Lamarck's giraffe evolution to what Darwin would say |
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Definition
| Lamarck says that it happens in one generation, the giraffes make their necks grow so that they will be more suitable, whereas Darwin says that giraffes that naturally have longer necks will fare better and will therefore be able to reproduce easier |
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Term
| What is the definition of Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics |
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Definition
| proposed that changes that occur during the lifetime of an individual, through use or disuse, can be passed on to the next generation. ex) if an animal lives near the water, its children should be better swimmers than it was |
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Term
| What about Lamarcks theory was correct? incorrect? |
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Definition
correct: crucial relationship between an organism and its environment
incorrect: thinking that evolutionary change can happen during one lifetime of an individual |
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Term
| what types of evidence led Darwin to this conclusion |
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Definition
1. Bio-geography
2. Artificial Selection
3. Fossil Record
4. Geological Record
5. Comparative Anatomy
6. Convergent Evolution
7. Comparative Embryology
8. Economics |
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Term
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Definition
| geographical distribution of species (galapagos islands) |
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Term
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Definition
| compare what humans do to domesticated animals to what happens in nature |
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Term
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Definition
| descent with modification; through time one type of species gave rise to another type |
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Term
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Definition
| influenced by Lyell and uniformitarianism, slow gradual change is critical |
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Term
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Definition
| differences between closely related species in different environments (divergent evolution), galapagos islands |
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Term
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Definition
| unrelated species grow to be similar because of environment |
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Term
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Definition
| increased similarities in species early on in development; chimps and humans look very similar when embryos, so closely related |
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Term
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Definition
| populations increase exponentially, resources dont (Malthus) |
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Term
| What ideas of time did Darwin reject |
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Definition
1. fixity of species
2. young earth
3. catastrophism- slow descent with modification
4. anthropocentrism- humans are center of universe
5. Greater Chain of Being-ladder
6. creationism as scientific explanation of species' origin |
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Term
| what are the two Mendelian laws of inheritance |
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Definition
1. Segregation
2. Independent Assortment |
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Term
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Definition
| genes occur as paired alleles, each parent gives 1 allele per gene |
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Term
| law of independent assortment |
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Definition
| each allele separates independently of each other, resulting in new combination's through sexual reproduction |
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Term
| how would Darwin feel about his theory if he knew of mendels work |
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Definition
| he would be worried because he believed in "blending inheritance" |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic factors from parents average out of blend when they are passed to offspring |
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Term
| what two assumptions is blending inheritance based on, and what is the validity of them |
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Definition
1. Each Parent contributes equally to the offspring-valid
2. these contribtutions are halved at each succesive generation--invalid |
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Term
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Definition
| result from the combined action of more than one gene, most complex genes are polygenic |
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Term
| what are the two major ways that polygenic traits differ from single gene traits |
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Definition
| polygenic traits offer more continuous variation, and also the environment has a greater influence on polygenic traits ex)skin color, height, can both be affected by environment |
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Term
| how does DNA control the synthesis of proteins |
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Definition
| DNA makes proteins, coordinates the activity of proteins to produce bodies, and carries the information necessary to make proteins |
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Term
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Definition
double stranded molecule that carries genetic info. 2 linear sequencces of nucleotides, held together by hydrogen bonds
Deoxyribonucleic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| single stranded nucleic acid that performs critical functions during proten synthesis, comes in three forms |
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Term
| what are the three forms of RNA |
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Definition
| Messenger, transfer, and ribosomal |
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Term
| what are mutations in terms of gene structure |
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Definition
| when DNA is being duplicated, sometimes mistakes are made, most are either harmful or neutral, but occasionally can be good. are very rare per location, but is not uncommon for an individual to have some. and it is the ultimate source of all new genetic variation |
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Term
| what are the types of mutation |
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Definition
1. Point mutation
2. Phase shift mutation
3. Chromosomal aberrations
4. Aneuploidy (nondisjunction) |
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Term
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Definition
single substitution of a nitrogenous base. sometimes doesnt even make an effect
ex) THE CAT AND DOG
TXE CAT AND DOG |
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Term
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Definition
addition or deletion of a base, instead of replacement, like in a point mutation
can cause some huge problems, usually more harmful than a point mutation
THE CAT AND DOG
TEC ATA NDD OG |
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Term
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Definition
| large pieces of chromosoms deleted, duplicated, inverted, or attached to different chromosomes...since dealing with large parts, tends to have greater problems |
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Term
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Definition
| extra or absence of normal amount of chromosomes ex trisomy 21 is downs syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| extra or absence of normal amount of chromosomes ex trisomy 21 is downs syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| exchange of DNA between populations |
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Term
| what are the effects of gene flow |
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Definition
| decreases variation between populations, homogenizing effect when populations breed with each other, and increases variation within populations because it introduces new alleles (sexual reproduction) |
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Term
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Definition
| random fluctuations in gene frequencies in a population. more significant in small populations, has opposite effecct of gene flow; increases variations between populations, but decreases it w/in populations |
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Term
| what are the types of genetic drift |
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Definition
Founder Effect
Bottleneck effect
intergenerational drift |
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Term
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Definition
| think pilgrims. the new population has a very different genotype, and probably phenotype as well, especially over time |
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Term
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Definition
| temporary dramatic reduction in size of a population-could eliminate some alleles, or just make them more rare |
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Term
| inter-generational drift: |
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Definition
| within every generation, things change randomly. blood type is a good example |
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Term
| what are the four forces of evolution |
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Definition
Natural selection
mutation
gene flow (resulting from migration)
genetic drift |
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Term
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Definition
changes in the gene pool of a population over time which result in relatively small changes to the organisms of the population, doesnt change the species though
ex) color or size |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in organisms that are significant enough that over a long period of time creates a new species (cant mate with ancestors) |
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Term
| how can microevolution lead to macroevolution |
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Definition
| basically the same thing, the microevolution just needs to be spread out over a long enough period of time and it could possibly become macroevolution, aka a new species |
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Term
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Definition
| joing of evolution and development. evolutionary developmental biology; see notes |
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