During drought , large beak birds survived and the smaller birds died because they could not eat the food that the large  birds could eat.

The Peacocks they have to have a lot of traits in order to mate.

Small scale evolution;genetic changes within a population over time.(mutation, gene flow, sexual selection, and kin selection)

Large scale; the evolution of new species and higher categories.Population Genetics

-First wrote Natural Selection in 1842 he presented it in his book "On the Origing of Species" 

-He observed that we produced more than needed and their was variation in evolution

-He contrasted natural selection with artificial selection.

Factors that bring about diffference in fertility and mortality; only factor determined or influence by genes is selectd for its natual selection taking place.

predators, disease, lacck of food, competition overs mates, lack of space affect those who dont have the charecteristics that allow them to cope with pressure.

the deliberate breeding of domesticated plants and animals.

enviromental factors immediately surorounding an organism. 

What is ecological niche?

Everything external, an organism, physical, biological, cultural.

He chose dogs to show that with natural selection is either you are able to produce or not; with artficial we can choose who to breed with like animals. 

-Survival (if they die young , he wont produce as much or wont produce at all)

-success at mating (if they cant mate reproductive rate will be low or nonexistent)

-Fitness, individuals will produce varying numbers of offspring.(Highily fit , lots of offspring)

example , humans infants that are lighter or heavier than average do not survive as well as do those of average weight. 

- Directional selection

-stabilizing selection

-disruptive selection

Natural Selection

Sexual Selection

-intersexual selection(traits that make males more attracctive to females)

-intrasexual selection (males compete with each other)those are the favorable

the study of the role of biology and natural selection on human behavior.

Dave M. Buss

-led major cross cultural study on the subject of mate schose. (interviewd 9474 from 33 countries on 6 continents and fiveislans.) Varied by cultural. 

 behavior characterized by self sacrifice that benefits others.

individuals genes are passed  down to next generation. 

Coefficient of Relatdness:

Parent and Child 0.5

Full Siblings 0.5

Grandparent and  granchild 0.25

uncle./aunt and nephew/niece 0.25

First cousings 0.125

non relatives 0.00

individual own fitness plus his or her effect on the fitness of any relative.

 demes, clinical distribution, subspecies

when two species are no longer capable of succesful interbreeding , they are then two different species.

what is sympatric species

different species living in the same are but prevented from succesfully reproducing by a  reproductive isolating mechanism. 

1.Ecological Isolation(they are seperated by slight difference in the are they occupy. 

2. Seasonal Isolation(mating is at different times)

3. sexual isolation(initiatin own of mating behavior does not act as a stimulus to the opposite sex of closely related species. 

4. Mechanical isolation (incompatibility in the structure of the male and female organs. 

1.Gametic Mortality (sperm is immobilized and destroyed before fertilizating can take place. 

2.Zygotic mortality( fertilization occurs but development ceases soon after)

3. Hybrid inviability (gives rise to a hybrid that is fertile but nevertheless does not leave any offspring)

4. Hybrid Sterility (the hybrid of two species is sterile. 

archetypes were found on different levels. there were primates and humans , monkey dogs horsed in Mammalia.

He gave all living species a binominal name, or binomen and placed species in genera, genera in families, and so forth up the taxonimic hierarchy. 

-family(contains similar appearing genera)

-order(is a group of simillar appearing familiesand so forth)

-class

-phylum

-kingdom

-domaing

refers to similiraties that are not homologous. homoplasy can arise from parallelism , covergence,analogy and chance.

cells without nuclei

the archae and eubacteria

organism that consist of a single cell or are composed of cells that have disctinc nuclei . divide into four kingdoms

-the kingdom Protista(single celled  organisms)

-multicellular organis belogn to the Kingdom fungi

-Kingdom planti (plants)

-Kingdom animalia (animals) * humans belong here

cartilaginous rod that runs along the back dorsal of all chordates at some of their life cycle

using behavior such as avoiding or seeking sources of heat to regulate body temperature

the individual is not the unit of evolution although a person does change over time

organism ussually have the ability to create at rapid growth the number of rate of reproduction cant get so hight that cant be supported by food.

sum of all alleles carried by the members of a populations

the conditions a static situation would exis we can see, measure and analyze change

1. no mutation

2. population must be large so change does not occur by chance

3. neighboring populations must not mix allelles

4. mating must take place random

5. mating must be equally fertile

6. Natural selecton must not occur

1. mutation

2. point mutation, an error at particular point on the DNA molecule

response to the usual conditions within the body or environment it may be an induced mutations , not all can mutate, it has to do with chromosomes

preference for or avoicance of certain people as mates for physical or social reasons.