Term
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Definition
| the process whereby a population becomes better suited to its habitat |
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Definition
| the holistic, global, comparative study of humans |
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Term
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Definition
| the application of method and theory in anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems |
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Term
| Archeological anthropology |
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Definition
| : The study of human behavior and cultural patterns and processes through the culture's material remains |
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Term
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Definition
| : the inclusion and combinations of both biological and cultural perspectives and approaches to comment on or solve a particular issue or problem |
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Term
| Biological (physical) anthropology |
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Definition
| : a branch of anthropology that studies the development of our species, in the context of the other primates |
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Term
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Definition
| : the study of human society and culture, the subfield that describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences |
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Term
| Cultural Resource Management |
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Definition
| : to decide what needs saving, and to preserve significant information about the past when sites cannot be saved |
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Term
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Definition
| : traditions and customs, transmitted through learning, that form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them |
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Term
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Definition
| : provides an account of a particular community, society, or culture |
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Term
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Definition
| : examines, interprets, analyzes, and compares the results of ethnography – the data gathered in different societies |
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Term
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Definition
| : the cultivation of plants and domestication of animals |
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Term
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Definition
| : includes four main subdisciplines or subfields |
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Term
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Definition
| : the study of the whole human condition: past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture |
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Term
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Definition
| : studies language in its social and cultural context, across space and over time |
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Term
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Definition
| : first recognized by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace; the process by which the forms most fit to survive and reproduce In a given environment – such as the tropics – do so in greater numbers than others in the same population so. Over the years, the less fit organisms die out and the favored types survive by producing more offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| : an organism’s evident traits – anatomy and physiology |
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Definition
| : our closest relatives – apes and monkeys |
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Term
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Definition
| : the attempt to assign humans to discrete categories [purportedly] based on common ancestry |
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Term
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Definition
| : a systematic field of study or body of knowledge that aims, through experiment, observation, and deduction, to produce reliable explanations of phenomena, with references to the material and physical world |
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Term
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Definition
| : investigates relationships between social and linguistic variation |
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Term
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Definition
| : a belt extending about 23 degrees north and south of the equator, between the tropic cancer and the tropic of Capricorn – before the 16th century, most of the worlds very dark skinned populations lived here |
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Term
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Definition
| : a second mechanism of cultural change, is the exchange of cultural features that results when groups have continuous first hand contact – the cultures of either or both groups may be changed by this contact |
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Definition
| : key, basic, central values – helps distinguish each culture from other cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| : the viewpoint that behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture |
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Term
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Definition
| : unlike human rights, cultural rights are vested not in the individuals but in groups, such as religious and ethnic minorities and indigenous societies |
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Term
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Definition
| : borrowing of traits between cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| : the process by which a child learns his or her culture |
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Term
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Definition
| : the tendency to view ones own culture as superior and to apply ones own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| : biological, psychological, social, and cultural features that are common to several but not all human groups |
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Term
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Definition
| : a series of processes, including diffusion, migration, and acculturation, working to promote change in a world in which nations and people are increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent |
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Term
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Definition
| : the zoological family that includes fossil and living humans, as well as chimps and gorillas |
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Term
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Definition
| : the group that leads to humans but not to chimps and gorillas and that encompasses all the human species that have ever existed |
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Term
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Definition
| : a realm of justice and morality beyond and superior to the laws and customs of particular countries, cultures, and religions |
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Term
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Definition
| : process by which humans innovate, creatively finding solutions to problems – is a third mechanism of cultural change |
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Term
| Intellectual property rights |
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Definition
| : has arisen in an attempt to conserve each society’s cultural base – its core beliefs, knowledge, and practices |
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Term
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Definition
| : culture that extends beyond and across national boundaries |
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Term
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Definition
| : beliefs, learned behavior patterns, values, and institutions that are shared by citizens of the same nation |
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Term
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Definition
| : beliefs, learned behavior patterns, values, and institutions that are shared by citizens of the same nation |
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Term
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Definition
| : biological, psychological, social, and cultural features unique to certain cultural traditions |
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Term
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Definition
| : different symbol-based patterns and traditions associated with particular groups in the same complex society |
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Term
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Definition
| : signs that have no natural connection to the things they stand for or signify |
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Term
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Definition
| : biological, psychological, social, and cultural features found in every culture |
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Term
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Definition
| : large and populous societies with social stratification and central governments |
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Term
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Definition
| : informant; refers to the individuals the ethnographer gets to know in the field, the people who teach him or her about their culture, who provide the emic perspective |
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Term
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Definition
| : investigates how local people think; the ethnographer seeks the “native viewpoint” |
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Term
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Definition
| : shifts the focus from local observations, categories, explanations, and interpretations to those of the anthropologist |
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Term
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Definition
| : a well-established ethnographic technique – established by early ethnographers to identify all-important links of kinship determined by marriage and descent initiated it. Genealogy or kinship commonly plays a crucial role in the structure of non-industrial societies, determining both social relations and group relationship to the past. Marriage, for example, is frequently pivotal in determining military alliances between villages, clans or ethnic groups |
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Term
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Definition
| : agreement to take part in the research, after having been so informed |
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Term
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Definition
| : the ethnographer talks face-to-face with people, asks the questions, and writes down the answers |
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Term
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Definition
| : recollection of a lifetime of experiences; provides a more intimate and personal cultural portrait than would be possible otherwise |
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Term
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Definition
| : the long-term study of a community, region, society, culture, or other unit, usually based on repeated visits |
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Term
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Definition
| : taking part in the events one is observing, describing, and analyzing |
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Term
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Definition
| : a sample in which all members of a population have an equal statistical chance of being chosen for inclusion |
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Term
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Definition
| : a manageable study group taken from a much larger population |
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Term
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Definition
| : involves sampling, impersonal data collection, and statistical analysis |
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Term
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Definition
| : attributes that vary among members of a sample or population |
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Term
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Definition
| : relatively uniform dialect spoken by the majority of black youth in most parts of the US today |
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Term
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Definition
| : the natural communication systems of other primates (monkeys and apes) |
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Term
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Definition
| : how culture is passed on through learning from one generation to another. Also referred to as enculturation or socialization |
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Term
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Definition
| : languages that descend from the same parent language and have been changing separately for hundreds or even thousands of years |
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Term
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Definition
| : the scientific study of a spoken language |
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Term
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Definition
| : applies to “high” and “low” variants of the same language |
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Term
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Definition
| : the ability to talk about things that are not present |
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Term
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Definition
| : a specialized set of terms and distinctions that are particularly important to a certain group and reflect experience or activities of this group |
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Term
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Definition
| : studies long-term change in language |
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Term
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Definition
| : the study of communication through body movements, stance, gestures and expressions |
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Term
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Definition
| : a languages dictionary containing all its morphemes and their meanings |
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Term
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Definition
| : studies the forms in which sounds combine to form morphemes – words and their meaningful parts |
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Term
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Definition
| : a sound contrast that makes a difference, that differentiates meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| : studies only the significant sound contrasts (phonemes) of a given language |
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Term
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Definition
| : the study of speech sounds in general, what people actually say in various languages, like the differences in vowel pronunciation in Midwestern speech |
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Term
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Definition
| : the study of speech sounds – considers which sounds are present and significant in a given language |
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Term
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Definition
| : the degree to which native speakers use a particular grammatical process, especially in word formation |
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Term
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Definition
| : the original language from which daughter languages diverge |
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Term
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Definition
| : different languages produce different ways of thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| : refers to a language’s meaning system |
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Term
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Definition
| : investigates relationships between social and linguistic variation |
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Term
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Definition
| : the varying of speech in different contexts |
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Term
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Definition
| : languages within a taxonomy of related languages that are most closely related |
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Term
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Definition
| : the arrangement and order of words in phrases and sentences |
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Term
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Definition
| : requires more labor than horticulture does because it uses land intensively and continuously |
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Term
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Definition
| : exchanges between people who are more distantly related than are members of the same band or household |
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Term
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Definition
| : the basic social unit of hunter-gatherers |
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Term
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Definition
| : association or co-variation between two or more variables |
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Term
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Definition
| : a system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources |
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Term
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Definition
| : someone gives to another person and expects nothing immediate in return |
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Term
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Definition
| : cultivation that makes intensive use of none of the factors if production: land, labor, capital, and machinery |
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Term
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Definition
| : governs the distribution of the means of production – land, labor, resources, technology, and capital |
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Term
| Means (or factors) of production |
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Definition
| : includes land, labor, and technology |
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Term
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Definition
| : a way of organizing production |
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Term
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Definition
| : exchange with people on the outside of ones social system; the attempt to get something for as little as possible |
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Term
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Definition
| : the entire group moves with the animals throughout the year |
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Term
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Definition
| : people whose activities focus on such domesticated animals as cattle, sheep, goats, camels, yak, and reindeer |
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Term
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Definition
| : small-scale agriculturalists who live in nonindustrial states and have rent fund obligations |
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Term
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Definition
| : festive event within a regional exchange system among tribes of the North Pacific Coast of North America |
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Term
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Definition
| : the exchange between social equals, who are normally related by kinship, marriage, or other close personal tie |
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Term
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Definition
| : the range of reciprocity from generalized to negative |
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Term
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Definition
| : when goods, services, or their equivalent move from the local level to a center |
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Term
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Definition
| : part of the group moves with the herd, but most people stay home in the village |
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Term
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Definition
| : statuses that aren’t automatic; they come through choices, actions, efforts, talents, or accomplishments, and may be positive or negative |
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Term
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Definition
| : a type of sodality; each set included all the men – from that tribes component bands – born during a certain time span |
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Term
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Definition
| : people have little or no choice about occupying this kind of status; age is this kind of status |
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Term
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Definition
| : an elaborate version of the village head; had supporters in several villages; regulator of regional political organization |
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Term
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Definition
| : closed, hereditary systems of stratification that are often dictated by religion |
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Term
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Definition
| : a form of sociopolitical organization intermediate between the tribe and the state – although they are kin-based, they feature differential access to resources and a permanent political structure |
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Term
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Definition
| : some men and women have privileged access to power, prestige, and wealth |
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Term
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Definition
| : financial system needed in states to support rulers, nobles, officials, judges, military personnel, and thousands of other specialists |
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Term
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Definition
| : a permanent position, which must be refilled when it is vacated by death or retirement |
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Term
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Definition
| : facilitates mobility; individual achievement and personal merit determines social status, hierarchical social status achieved on the basis of effort; ascribed statuses less important |
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Term
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Definition
| : non-kin associations that extend across the whole tribe, spanning several villages |
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Term
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Definition
| : the ability to exercise ones will over others – to do what one wants – is the basis of political status |
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Term
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Definition
| : the basis of social status – refers to esteem, respect, or approval for acts, deeds, or qualities considered exemplary |
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Term
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Definition
| : people who are conquered or stolen from their homelands become someone’s property |
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Term
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Definition
| : refers to four types, or levels, of a political organization: “band,” “tribe,” “chiefdom,” and “state” |
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Term
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Definition
| : a form of sociopolitical organization based on a formal government structure and socioeconomic stratification |
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Term
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Definition
| : the various positions that people occupy in society; spouse, parent, trading partner, teacher, student, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| : the creation of separate social strata; its emergence signified the transition from chiefdom to state |
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Term
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Definition
| : lower or underprivileged |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| : a form of sociopolitical organization; they had economies based on non-intensive food production (horticulture and pastoralism) |
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Term
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Definition
| : upward or downward change in a person’s social status |
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Term
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Definition
| : the only leadership position in village-based tribal societies; cannot issue orders; can only attempt to persuade the public to do what he wants |
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Term
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Definition
| : economic status; encompasses all a person’s material assets, including income, land, and other types of property |
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Term
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Definition
| : a customary gift before, at, or after the marriage from the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin; compensates the bride’s group for the loss of her companionship and labor; exists in more cultures than dowry; |
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Term
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Definition
| : use stipulated descent; clan members merely say they descend from the apical ancestor, without trying to trace the actual genealogical links |
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Term
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Definition
| : a permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry |
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Term
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Definition
| : a marital exchange in which the wife’s group provides substantial gifts to her husband’s family; women are perceived as burdens, and when husbands and their families take a wife, they expect to be compensated for the added responsibility |
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Term
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Definition
| : dictates marriage or mating within a group to which one belongs |
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Term
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Definition
| : the practice of seeking a mate outside of ones own group |
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Term
| Extended family household |
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Definition
| : when the family household includes three or more generations |
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Term
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Definition
| : a group of people who are considered to be related in some way |
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Term
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Definition
| : the family in which one is born and grows up |
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Term
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Definition
| : family formed when one marries and has children |
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Term
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Definition
| : sexual relations with a relative; all cultures ban this |
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Term
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Definition
| : when a widow marries the brother of her dead husband |
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Term
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Definition
| : uses demonstrated descent; members recite the names of their forebears from the apical ancestor through the present |
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Term
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Definition
| : type of descent where you are automatically part of the mothers group at birth and stay a member for life |
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Term
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Definition
| : married couples live in the wife’s community |
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Term
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Definition
| : the residence practice in which married people start their own household apart from their parents' or families' households |
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Term
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Definition
| : type of descent where people automatically have membership in their fathers group; the children of the groups men join the group, but the children of the groups women are excluded |
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Term
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Definition
| : when a couple marries, it moves to the husband’s community |
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Term
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Definition
| : when a woman has more than one husband |
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Term
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Definition
| : when a man has more than one wife |
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Term
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Definition
| : rather then the woman herself, her children are permanently transferred to the husband’s group |
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Term
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Definition
| : if the wife dies, her sister, or another woman in the group will take her place to continue the alliance between families; exists in both matrilineal and patrilineal societies |
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Term
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Definition
| : this descent rule uses one line only, either the male or the female line |
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Term
| Examples of applied anthropology |
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Definition
| Cultural resource management, forensic anthropology, study of linguistic diversity in classrooms |
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Term
| Four subfields of general anthropology |
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Definition
| cultural, linguistic, archaeological, biological |
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Term
| Two dimensions of anthropology |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (anthropologist) proposed that cultures, systems of human behavior and thought, obey natural laws and therefore can be studied scientifically - culture is acquired by all humans as members of society |
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Term
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Definition
| (anthropologist) Cultures are not isolated; cultural/linguistic relativism, cultural particularism, head size change |
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Term
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Definition
| (anthropologist) towards end of middle ages, wrote the spirit of laws, claimed differences among people were cause by environmental factors, not god |
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Term
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Definition
| (anthropologist) mode of production, role of social conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| (anthropologist) decided people across the world are relatively similar |
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Term
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Definition
| (anthropologist) participant observation, functionalism, culture & biology are similar |
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Term
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Definition
| idealism, behavioralism, holism |
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Term
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Definition
| (anthropologist) structuralism, binary oppositions |
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Term
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Definition
| (anthropologist) first archaeologist - dug in mounds to look for signs of early europeans |
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Term
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Definition
| (anthropologist) three age system: stone/bronze/iron |
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Term
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Definition
| (anthropologist) first archeological class |
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Term
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Definition
| (anthropologist) processuralism |
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Term
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Definition
| C)[image]that years of comparative, cross-cultural research prove that these assumptions are wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| D)[image]the exploration of human diversity in time and space |
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Term
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Definition
| C) traditions and customs, transmitted through learning, that form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people that are exposed to them |
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Term
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Definition
| A) racial classification and the explanatory approach, the current, more scientifically valid approach |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| e) prevention of hypervitaminosis D |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Cultural learning depends on
- biology
- globalization
- adaptation
- diffusion
- symbols |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the writer/ethnographer puts his or her own feelings in the text of the ethnography |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on how individuals manage to influence, create, and transform, the world they live in |
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