Term
|
Definition
| (sometimes called social anthropology) deals with the description of cultures- the socially learned traditions of past and present ages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is an approach that assumes that any single aspect of culture is integrated with other aspects, so that no single dimension of culture can be understood in isolation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to the firsthand experience with the people being studied. It involves integration into a community though long-term residence and knowledge of the local language and customs while maintaining the role of observer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Places the ethnographer at the scene, where a combination of direct observation and interviews provide the evidence from which ethnographic accounts are constructed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is the feeling of anxiety and disorientation that develops in an unfamiliar situation when there is confusion about how to behave or what to expect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are people through whom the anthropologist learns about the culture through observation and by asking questions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is a firsthand description of a living culture based on personal observation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is a study of a particular topic or problem in more than one culture using a comparative perspective. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to the learned, socially acquired traditions of thought and behavior found in human societies. It is a socially acquired lifestyle that includes patterned, repetitive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group having social, economic, ethnic, or other traits distinctive enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture or society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is a partially conscious and partially unconscious learning experience whereby the older generation invites, induces, and compels the younger generation to adopt traditional ways of thinking and behaving. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is the belief that one’s own patterns of behavior are always natural, good, beautiful, or important and that the strangers, to the extent that they live differently, live by savage, inhuman, disgusting, or irrational standards. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stipulates that behavior in a particular culture should not be judged by the standards of another. Yet it is evident that not all human customs or institutions contribute to the society’s overall health and well-being, nor should they be regarded as morally or ethnically worthy of respect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Takes place when culture contact leads to the borrowing and passing on of culture traits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Describe culture from the participants’ viewpoint. The observer uses concepts and distinctions that are meaningful and appropriate to the participants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Describe culture from the observer’s perspective. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of categories that are comprehensive enough to afford logical and classificatory organization for a range of traits and institutions that can be observed in all cultural systems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The infrastructure consists of the technologies and productive and reproductive activities that bear directly on the provision of food and shelter, protection against illness, and the satisfaction of sexual and other basic human needs and drives. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consists of the groups and organizations present in every society that allocate, regulate, and exchange goods, labor, and information. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consists of the behavior and thought devoted to symbolic, ideational, artistic, playful, religious, and intellectual endeavors as well as all the mental and emic aspects of a culture’s infrastructure and structure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phonetic sound patterns represent etic occurrences. They occur due to variations in the location of the tongue and lips and the stress, pitch, and tone of the sound. They can be observed and identified in speech without having to question the speaker. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is the study of the phones, or individual sounds, that native speakers make. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Represent etic occurrences. They occur due to variations in the location of the tongue and lips and the stress, pitch, and tone of the sound. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are units of sound (phones) that lack meaning in themselves; they are the smallest sound contrasts that distinguish meaning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is the smallest part of an utterance that has a definite meaning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consists of the unconscious rules governing the arrangement of words in sentences and phrases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when a person simultaneously associates two or more complex ideas that evoke a reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Takes place when listeners miss or misinterpret cues in communication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Societies that rely primarily or exclusively on hunting wild animals, fishing, and gathering wild fruits, berries, nuts, and vegetables to support their diet. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Begins with neglect and underinvestment- inadequate feeding, withholding emotional support, and careless and indifferent handling, especially when the infant is sick. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involves deliberate killing-starvation, dehydration, smothering, placing a child in a dangerous situation, or using excessive physical punishment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Disruption of the menstrual cycle) is a typical accompaniment of breastfeeding and serves as another form of birth control. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to the choices people make they believe will provide the greatest benefit to them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The condition of a region or group as regards material prosperity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An act of giving one thing and receiving another (esp. of the same type or value) in return. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involves mutual giving and receiving among people of equal status in which there is (1) no need for immediate return, (2) no systematic calculation of the value of the services and products exchanged, and (3) an overt denial that a balance is being calculated or that the balance must come out even. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involves the expectation that goods will be returned within a specified period of time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Redistributive feasts that were once engaged in by the Native Americans who inhabit the northwest coast of the United States and Canada |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is a medium of exchange that has standard value. It is used as a means of payment for goods and services in a wide range of transactions where trade is well developed and economizing is a guiding principle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is associated with a change from production for use value to production for profit value. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is an amount greater than what is needed for immediate consumption by the producers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is marriage to two or more spouses one after another, rather than at the same time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The practice or custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to a family with a mother as the head of the household; also, pertaining to a culture dominated by families headed by mothers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Compensates the bride’s group for the loss of her labor and the children she bears, who become full members of the husband’s group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The practice of marrying into an equal or more prestigious social group or caste. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to relationships that are based on relatedness through descent and marriage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to parentage from a common ancestor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Requires ego to follow the ascending and descending genealogical links through males only. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Requires ego to follow the ascending and descending links through females only. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Referring to the social system in which a married couple resides with or near the husband's parents; Is associated with internal warfare |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a term referring to the societal system in which a married couple resides with or near the wife's parents; Is associated with long-distance trade or external warfare. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lacks formalized differentiation in access to and power over basic resources among its members. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are women or men who are socially recognized as having special abilities for entering into contact with spirit beings and for controlling supernatural forces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Has equal access to economic resources and power, but social groups have unequal access to status positions and prestige. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A local entrepreneur who successfully mobilizes and manipulates wealth on behalf of his group in order to host large feasts that enhance his status and rank relative to other big men in the region. He is a man of prestige and renown but has no formal authority or power and no more wealth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unlike such specialists as king, president, and dictator, is a relatively powerless figure incapable of compelling obedience. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A society larger than a tribe but smaller or simpler than a state; An area or region governed by a chief |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is acquired through talents, efforts, and accomplishments, rather than ascription. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is determined for a person at birth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arranges statuses or subgroups within a society according to socially superior and inferior ranks that produce inequality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is a group whose members possess similar amounts of power within a stratified society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are closed, endogamous, and stratified descent groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In Hinduism, social custom regarded as a religious and moral duty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group that has been incorporated into a state through conquest or migration, that maintains distinctive cultural and/or linguistic traditions, and that has a sense of a separate, shared, and age-old identity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the excessive love of one's own race/ethnicity, usually meaning that all other races/ethnicities are looked down upon as inferior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, esp. so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A relatively benign form of making racial distinctions, such as skin color and facial characteristics, intended for reference purposes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to anatomical and physiological attributes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to the learned cultural and psychological attributes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Indigenous North Americans who fulfill one of many mixed gender roles found traditionally among many Native Americans and Canadian First Nations communities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Provide people with simplified cultural models of what the world is like and how they should act, feel, and think. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is the belief that humans share the world with a population of extraordinary, mostly invisible beings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is an intense community spirit, a feeling of social solidarity, equality, and togetherness that is achieved through liminality. |
|
|
