Term
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Definition
| inherent in the natural world (plants, animals, clouds) and the social world (humans, human groups, social roles) |
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Term
| What do human groups order variation into and what is done with them? |
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Definition
| Order variation into categories. They are named, discussed, and sometimes studied. |
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Term
| Why do humans put each other into groups? |
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Definition
they attempt order on complex natural and social pheno
mena is NECESSARY oversimplification |
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Definition
| the most frequently used criteria for ordering variation |
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Term
| After humans assign VALUES to categories then do what? |
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Definition
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Term
| All categories of humans are social constructs, so why are they still around? |
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Definition
| People still believe it is intrinsic order and "the way things actually are" |
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Definition
| A result of the tendency to classify and value |
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Definition
a value ranking of human groups
*know diagram* |
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Definition
| from best/most human to worst/least human |
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Term
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Definition
| Homme saw Noah passed out naked and brought disgrace on his father and was cursed. When him and his 3 brothers were given continents. Since Homme was cursed the people of his continent (Africa) had to sever the peoples of his brothers continents (Europe & Asia) |
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Term
| How Homo europeanus (Europeans) were classified based on Linnaeus |
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Definition
| Fair, optimistic, brawny, yellow/brown and flowing hair, blue eyes, gentle, acute, inventive. Covered with closed clothing. Governed by laws. |
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Term
| How Homo asiaticus (Asians) were classified based on Linnaeus |
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Definition
| Sooty, sad, rigid. Black hair. dark eyes. Severe, haughty, covetous. Covered in loose garments. Governed by opinions. |
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Term
| How Homo afer (Africans) were classified by Linnaeus |
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Definition
| Black, clam, unemotional, relaxed. Black frizzled hair. Silky skin. Flat nose. Anoints himself with grease. Governed by mood/behavior. |
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Term
| How Homo americanus (Indian Americans) are classified by Linnaeus |
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Definition
| Copped colored skin, bad tempered, irritable, erect. Black, straight, thick, hair. Wide nostrils. harsh face with small beard. Stubborn, content free. Paints himself with fine red lines. Regulated by customs. |
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Term
| How did racial taxonomies define and what were they believed to be? |
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Definition
| Defined based off of biological and cultural characteristics. They were believed to be unique to particular groups and uniformly expressed within them. |
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Term
| Why is it impossible to draw distinct boundaries between populations? |
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Definition
| characteristics that were used to define race are continuous in their range of expression |
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Term
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Definition
| first white social scientist to minimize the importance of race as a determinant of human behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Believed that human groups all started as savages. They are only different now because some groups went through the lower levels of culture faster than others. The faster they went the higher on the hierarchy they were and vise versa. |
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Term
| Society is a group of people who |
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Definition
depend on one another for survival/well-being
though obligation privileges & rights
who view themselves as being distinct physically, culturally, or both from other groups of people |
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Term
| What are the four things societies tend to have in common? |
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Definition
| a territory, a history, a language, and a culture |
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Term
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Definition
| race, sex, age/generation, nationality/citizenship, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, religion, region of residence, recurrent social situations, hobbies, voluntary associations |
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Term
| How do humans differ under socioeconomic status? |
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Definition
| wealth: income, education, occupation, opportunity |
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Term
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Definition
| a social category based on distinguishing physical/cultural characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| a social category based on distinguishing cultural characteristics |
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Term
| How are minority groups characterized? |
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Definition
| collective discrimination/unequal treatment, less wealth, less power, fewer privileges, less prestige, lower status, numerical minority,cultural dissimilarities, and distinctive appearance |
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Term
| All societies must determine how to... |
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Definition
feed, clothe, and shelter themselves
determine rights and responsibilities
give meaning and significance to their lives
live peacefully with each other
deal with those who live differently |
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Term
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Definition
the way of life of a society
is a consensus of norms
is made possible by language/symbolic communication |
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Term
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Definition
material culture/artifacts
values, attitudes & beliefs
behaviors
*what we value affects our behavior* |
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Term
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Definition
values, attitudes & beliefs
behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
that which most people do, think, feel or say most of the times
norms are codified rules |
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Term
| what are most elements of non-material culture? |
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Definition
| They are normative: they are widely shared by most members of society |
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Term
| what are the two kinds of norms? |
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Definition
ideal norms: what everyone should do
real norms: what everyone actually does |
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Term
| When people report on norms what do they do? |
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Definition
over report the good
under report the bad |
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Term
| culture is made possible by... |
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Definition
| language or symbolic communications |
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Term
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Definition
| things that stand for or represent something else |
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Term
| what does language allow? |
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Definition
human experiences to be cumulative: cook books, phone contacts, gps
shard perspectives/understandings of the past and future:political parties
the exchange of perspectives: debates
complex shared goal-directed behaviors |
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Term
| what are the three characteristics of culture? |
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Definition
Culture is: learned not genetic
learned through observation, inquiry, & participation shared by the dominant culture |
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Term
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Definition
a variant of a dominant culture usually occurring within societies with large populations
ex) goths
you can take off the subculture and put i ton when you choose
don't threaten the dominant culture |
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Term
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Definition
a variant culture, often consciously constructed or contrived that challenges society's norms especially it's values
ex) American Nazi Party
Threaten dominant cultures views |
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Term
| culture is adaptive to... |
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Definition
the physical environments
to other societies
to a society's own history |
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Term
| why is unchanging culture important? |
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Definition
| it is the way we organize our world and make it predictable |
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Term
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Definition
the way in which a community meets their basic needs: the law, family, technology
Tend to support each other but they don't change a the same rate |
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Term
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Definition
| judging other cultures, their behaviors, and beliefs, from the perspective of one's own culture. The idea that one's own culture is more beautiful, rational, or nearer to perfection than others |
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Term
| Ethnocentrism: how people react |
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Definition
what seems logical, sensible, important, and reasonable to one person in one culture may seem stupid and unimportant to another
Feelings of apprehension, loneliness, and lack of confidence when visiting another culture
when people talk about another culture they describe the differences not the similarities
Differences between cultures are generally seen as threatening & described negatively
Requires experiences as well as study to understand the subtleties of another culture |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that cultures should be analyzed with reference to their own histories and values in terms of the cultural whole rather than according to the values of another culture. The position that the values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect. |
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Term
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Definition
the process through which culture is leaned & transmitted across generations:
observation
inquiry
participation |
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Term
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Definition
| the process through which an immigrant abandons some or most of their culture in favor of the new one. It has occurred when an immigrant knows enough of the new culture to meet his or her basic needs |
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Term
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Definition
borrowing elements of culture between two cultures, often in a dominant-subordinate relationship
ex) Europeans & Native Americans |
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Term
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Definition
| Creating an original device, process of culture pattern. An invention should make possible what was previously impossible or difficult. |
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Term
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Definition
| A new variation on an existing device, process, or cultural pattern that is subsequently accepted by other members of the society. |
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Term
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Definition
| the spread of cultural elements from one culture to another through cultural contact. |
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Term
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Definition
| An attempt by a group within society to force a redistribution of recourses and power. |
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Term
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Definition
| an attempt to overthrow an existing form of political organization and put another type of political structure in its place. |
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Term
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Definition
| reflections of the thoughts of the people (or chimps) who made them, they are tangible ideas |
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Term
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Definition
idea of the proper form of an object exists in the mind of the maker
the idea is the mental template from which the crafts person makes the object
when an idea is expressed in tangible form and artifact results
many useful tools and inventions were made through tinkering |
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Term
| Earliest unnamed tool tradition |
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Definition
3.3 million years old
discovered in Kenya
predates human genus
possibly associated with australopithecus afarensis |
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Term
Oldowan tools
bp = before present |
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Definition
2.6-1.5 million bp
make by percussion flaking
unifacial
associated with the first hominins to leave africa
individual design
used for skinning, cutting joints/meat, breaking bones, cutting plants
retained for future use
traveled to find the right rocks
chimps cannot be taught to make these |
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Term
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Definition
| take another rock and hit it repeatedly knocking off flakes and working the rock |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.5-125,000 bp, made by homo erectus, migration to eurpose and southwest asia, bifacial tools, the handaxe, high degree of standardization implying a well-defined mental image of the end product, no composite artifacts (made of several parts) |
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Term
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Definition
1.89 million-143,000 bp
sophisticated social organization, clothing, & controlled use of fire
shared tools by more than one person which implies speech, well developed hypoglossal canal (under tongue), higher level of technical intelligence than oldawan |
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Term
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Definition
made by homo sapiens
125,000-28,000 bp
shows continuity
more sophisticated that acheulian
levallois stone flaking technique |
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Term
| Late Palaolithic fine stone-blade technology |
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Definition
| made by homo sapiens, soft hammer technique, pressure flaking, |
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Term
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Definition
196,000 +/- 5,000 years old
brain size 1300cc
rapid expanision to all corners of the world
cognitive fluidity
linked social, spiritual, & natural worlds though symbolism
make houses out of mammoth bones & covered it with hides
lived in the mouth of caves & rocks
venus figurines: fertility symbols, figures of women, very small |
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Term
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Definition
| homo erectus left africa about 1.8 million years ago, dispersed throughout the old world and evolved into homo sapiens. Gene flow prevented regional speciation |
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Term
| what are tools mainly made of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
breaking apart cleanly with the grain without shattering
all rocks have |
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Term
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Definition
| a piece of rick that comes off in the shape of a shell |
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Term
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Definition
| homo erectus left afica 1.8 million years ago but homo sapiens evolved only in africa. Homo sapiens left africa 100-200,000 years ago. Repleaced all other species of homo living outside africa |
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Term
| Fossil evidence supporting the single origin |
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Definition
forms transitional archaic homo sapiens and anatomically modern homo sapiens are found only in Africa
archaics and moderns over lap in some areas
sophiticated tools first appear in africa their spread out is associated with sapiens |
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Term
| Fossil evidence supporting multi-regional |
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Definition
continuity of regional traits over long periods, into contemporary times--especially strong in china
tool kits can be quickly borrowed |
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Term
| Genetic evidence of the single origin theory |
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Definition
homo sapiens are genetically homogeneous, less variation than in any species of great apes
mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA suggest a young species caused by bottlenecking |
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Term
| Genetic evidence that supports the multi-regional theory |
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Definition
Africa had the largest human population until very recently so it should have the greatest genetic diversity
neanderthal DNA is present in ~5% concentration in some human DNA |
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Term
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Definition
may be the earliest place of demonstrable human habitation in the Western Hemisphere
15,000 ybp |
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Term
| when was the Clovis culture first discovered? |
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Definition
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Term
| Clovis point spear head characteristics |
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Definition
fine grained stone
lanceolate shape
concave base
ground edges near base
central flute on both sides |
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Term
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Definition
migration occured over the land bridge (no ice)
Full Paleo-Indian genome sequenced in 2014-ancestors of Native Americans originated from Asian Pop
A lot of the water now was in a glacier so the sea levels were a lot lower
Land bridge submereged by 10,000 ybp |
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Term
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Definition
Evidence is likely all underwater in shark terrioty
possible rapid advance south along continental shelf's kelp forest ecosystem
best alternative hypothesis from Asia by land |
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Term
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Definition
Migration from Spain to the Americas along the edges of glacial sea ice
association of Clovis and soluteran tools |
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Term
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Definition
| supported by historical occurance: Easter Islanders came to soudth americana nd amted with native americans between A.D. 1280 & 1495 |
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Term
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Definition
1600 miless across open waters
long way riding just currents.
unlikely |
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