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| The fundamental unit of heredity. Consists of a sequence of of DNA bases that carries the information for synthesizing a protein and occupies a specific chromosomal locus. |
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| A double-stranded molecule that is the carrier of genetic information. Each strand is composed of a linear sequence of nucleotides; the two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds that form between complementary bonds. |
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| Complex molecules formed from chains of amino acids, which occurs at ribosomes in the cytoplasm and is based on information carried by mRNA |
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| Mendel's law of segregation |
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Definition
| The two alleles of a gene found on each of a pair of chromosomes segregate independently of one another into sex cells. |
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| Somatic cell division in which a single cell divides to produce two identical daughter calls. |
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| Cell division that occurs in the testes and ovaries that leads to the formation of sperm and ova. |
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| Molecules that form the basic building blocks of protein. |
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| An alteration in the DNA, which may or may not alter the function of a cell. If it occurs in a gamete, it may be passed from one generation to the next. |
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| Discrete structures composed of condensed DNA and supporting proteins. |
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| Random changes in gene frequencies in a population. |
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| The sex cells: sperm in males and eggs (or ova) in females. |
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| Movement of genes between populations. |
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| Having the same allele at the loci for a gene on both members of of a pair of homologous chromosomes. |
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| Having 2 different alleles at the loci for a gene on a pair of homologous chromosomes. |
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| The phenomenon of a single gene having multiple phenotypic effects. |
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| In a diploid organism, an allele that is expressed when present on only one of a pair of homologous chromosomes. |
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| Phenotypic traits that result from the combined action of more than one gene; most complex traits are polygenetic. |
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| In a diploid organism, refers to an allele that must be present in two copies (homozygous) in order to be expressed. |
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| An observable or measurable feature of an organism. Phenotypes can be anatomical, biochemical, or behavioral. |
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| In a diploid organism, two different alleles of a gene that are both expressed in a heterozygous individual. |
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| Differential reproductive success over multiple generations. |
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| The genetic makeup of an individual. Genotype can refer to the entire genetic complement or more narrowly to the alleles present at a specific locus on two homologous chromosomes. |
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Definition
| A trait that increases the reproductive success of an organism, produced by natural selection in the context of a particular environment. |
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| The rearrangement of genes on homologous chromosomes that occurs during crossing over in meiosis. The source of variation arising out of sexual reproduction; important for increasing rates of natural selection. |
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