Term
Law of Controlled Causation
(Card 1) |
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Definition
| Intially, humans didn't see that they controlled anything. All credit was given to supernatural entities. Slowly, humans began to figure out how to manipulate their environment themselves. Once humans learn this, they stop asking for supernatural aid. As people learn, reliance on religion is often diminsihed. |
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| Animals communicate through what form of system? |
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Definition
| A call system (closed calls) |
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True Or False?
Only humans have the capability to produce language? |
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| Language is a system of _________. |
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| What are some "simple sound" examples of phonemes? |
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| "A", "E", "ay", "ee", "oo" |
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| Sounds that have been combined form words are called what? |
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True or False?
Strings of phonemes are called morphemes. |
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| The study of the structure of language in general and of the specific variations among languages. |
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| Promoting the passing of one's genes by aiding the survival or reproduction of one's close kin. |
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| The scientific study that examines evolutionary explanations for social behaviors within species. Also called evolutionary psychology or behavioral ecology. |
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True or False?
An infinite variety of phonemes and morphemes are available. |
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| Human communication by means of shared symbols in the form of sounds or representation of sounds. |
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-Live in eastern half of Papua New Guinea
-Hunters, sweet potato and pig farmers
-The disease Kuru is common among Fore women |
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Definition
-Practiced for ritual and nutritive reasons
-They seek to acquire "fertilizing" effect from the dead bodies.
-Men get first dibs on game and pork, so women get protein from bits of deceased people. |
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| An outdated concept of cultural evolution that claims major cultural advances were made by one or a few societies and spread to other societies. In fact, while diffusion occurs, all people are innovative within their own cultures and resources. |
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| Rapid diffusion of cultural items either by choice of the recieving society or by force of a more dominant society. Often as a result of military conquest. |
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| A unit of sound in a language. Symbolic syllables. |
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| Motivated by the placation of ghosts among the Dani people. Ghost of person slain in warfare demands revenge. This is a self-perpetuating cycle. There is concern that only one life will be taken in revenge.Sometimes a group will result in ambush, and kill a woman or child. |
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Term
Law of Controlled Causation
(Card 2) |
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Definition
| An inverse relationship between knowledge and religion |
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Religious organization that claims to include most or all members of a society and is recognized as the national or official religion.
Example: Church of England |
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Definition
Here, the two levels of human language: units of sound and units of meaning that are combined to create words.
Units of sound: Phonemes
Units of meaning: Morphemes |
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Term
True or False?
Religious beliefs tend to affect people's behavior. |
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| Rapid and extensive culture change generated from within a society. |
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| Name the four types of religion. |
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Definition
1.) Ecclesiae
2.)Denomination
3.)Sect
4.) Cult |
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| Rules of word arrangement and order in a language. Parts of speech, etc. |
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| Is human intelligence adaptive, for the most part? Will the changes we make be good in the long run? |
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When knowledge of a cultural trait in another society the invention of a similiar trait.
Examples: American Revolution begat the French Revolution, Sequoia, a Cherokee, made an alphabet inspired by the English alphabet. |
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| Here, the ability of human languages to generate limitless numbers of meanings. |
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| An outdated concept of cultural evolution that claims all societies pass through the same series of stages, from savagery to civilization. Basically, that all socieites will go on same path over time, regardless of any variable factors |
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-Polygynists
-Use ritual ghost warfare
-Live on sweet potatoes and pigs
-Live in West Papua, now Indonesia |
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Term
| Spongiform encephalopathy |
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Definition
| Called Kuru by Fore people. 100% fatal. Degenerative disease of central nervous system. Symptoms include slurred speech, unusual behavior, complete motor incapacity, and death. Passed through cannabalism, mostly among Fore women. |
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| Not only do humans have culture, we can __________ culture. |
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Definition
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True or False?
Homo erectus was believed to be the first hominid with the power of speech. |
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| One main god with other supernatural beings (angels, demons, ghosts, devils, etc.) |
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| Movement of ideas from culture to culture |
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| The eating of human flesh from members of one's own society. |
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| Acting to benefit others while disregarding one's own welfare |
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| The idea that human behaviors have a biological basis with minimal influence from culture. |
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| What two factors of cultural change are most typically altering culture? |
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Definition
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Term
Law of Controlled Causation
(Card 3) |
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Definition
A secularized view:
When you control how things happen, you cause things yourself. |
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Definition
| Culture is affected by different events in different places. Each society can only be understood in reference to it's particular history. |
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| Once a person learns a language system, it can change their__________. |
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| Traditionally, evil acts performed by individuals who posess inherent powers |
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| Many societies are run by their __________ beliefs. |
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| The idea that human behaviors are almost totally the result of learned cultural information, with few or no instincitve responses. |
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| A full-time, trained religious specialist who can interpret the supernatural and petition the supernatural on behalf of humans. |
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| What is an exmaple of artificial communication? |
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Definition
| Hand signs, sign language, body language & gestures |
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| Scientific belief is based solely on ____________. |
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| What animals (besides humans) have been known to mourn after the deaths of another? |
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| Relatively small religious group that has broken away from some other religious organization to renew what it considers to be the original vision of the faith. Example: The Amish |
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Definition
-Is language the essence of who we are as humans?
-Do elements like culture and language shape our perception of the world? |
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| Another name for phonemes might be _____________. |
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| Another word for morphemes might be _________. |
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| Briefly describe the development of Christianity. |
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| A branch of Judaism centered around Jesus Christ. Has many various denominations around the world. |
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| The study of the meanings of words, especially as they relate to folk taxonomies. |
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| Words that are similiar in two or more languages as a result of common descent. |
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| A unit of meaning in a language |
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| Is our behavior based on practical measures or on cultural symbolism? |
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| Our behavior is both practical AND symbolic. |
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| Why are supernatural beliefs universal? |
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| We are the only animal that knows the inevitability of death. Most of us fear death,and religion addresses this issue. |
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| The realization and understanding of a set of relationships. An addition to knowledge. Can be concrete or abstract. |
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True or False?
Religion can be studied scientifically. |
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Definition
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| Most human groups have a _________. |
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| The synthesis of existing religious beliefs and practices with new ones introduced from the outside. Example: Voodoo |
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| Large, organized religion that is not officially linked to the state or government |
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Small, secretive religious group that represents either a new religion or a major innovation of an existing faith
Example: Scientology |
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| Here, the fact that the features ofhuman languages bear no direct relationship to their meanings, but are agreed-upon symbols |
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Definition
-A branch of the Anabaptists
-Due to persecution, they began to live apart from common society in self-sufficient communities.
-Lives with "All things common."
-Economic and social communism |
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Definition
-It's followers are called Holy Ghost People.
-Early 20th Century. Found in Tennessee, Appalacchia, and Southeast
-Speak in tongues, handle snakes, drink poison. Don't recieve medical treatment. Tests of faith.
-No formal heirarchy, all are equal.
-Most of these people are very poor. |
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| A system of ideas and rules for behavior-based or supernatural explanations. |
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| The belief in the possesion of supernatural powers by people, animals, places, or objects |
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| The ability to communicate about things and ideas not immediate in space or time |
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| Religion provides ______________ for things we can't scientifically know. |
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| The use of ritual and paraphernalia to compel or manipulate the supernatural to act in desired ways |
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| A part-time, supernaturally chosen religious specialist who can manipulate the supernatural |
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| Magical acts with evil intent |
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| Creation of new artifacts (concrete items. New creations. The application of discovered knowledge. |
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| Most early ________ originated in the early stages of agricultural development. |
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Definition
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Term
Law of Controlled Causation
(Card 2) |
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Definition
-An inverse relationship between knowledge and religion.
-As science grew, the Church lost alot of it's power over governments. (Not necessarily over people, though.) |
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Term
| How can anthropology be used? |
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Definition
-Can be useful for understanding the cultural worlds around us.
-Education
-Archaeology
-Linguistics |
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