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| Any primate species excluding humans |
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Marsupias that reproduce without the use of a placenta.
- Kangaroos |
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Characteristic of Metatheria that allows mother to "pause" the development of an embryo and "start" development at a later time.
- advantageous if food is scarce in environment. |
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Monotremes which are a small and unusual tazonomic group that includes the australian platypus and echidna.
- lay eggs but ure young with milk similar to mammals. |
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| Placental mammals which include about two dozen orders - one order is the primate order. |
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| the internal fertilization of a zygote on the wall of the uterus which later develops in to an embryo. |
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| mammals with grasping hands, large brains, high degree of learned rather than innate behavior, and a variety of other traits. |
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| two sub orders of primates |
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Definition
Srepsirhini or strepsirhine primates
- lemurs, and lorises,
haplohini or haplorhine primates
-tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans). |
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| member of the primate suborder prosimii and includes lemurs lorises galagos and tarsiers |
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| members of the primate suborder anthropoidea that includes monkeys apes and hominids |
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| Primate anatomical traits |
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Definition
have generalized body plan as opposed to a specialized one.
- giraffe has long neck, elephant large trunk, seals have flippers, etc. |
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| advantages to generalized body plan |
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Definition
allow primates versatility in modes of mobility
- arm swinging in apes, running, leaping, and walking. |
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| movement that involves all four limps. |
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vertical clinging and leaping
- occurs because hind limbs are are longer than their front legs. |
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run and leap along branches, arms and legs move in a limited plane of motion which are adapted for fast forward running.
- scapula is oriented vertically across the upper arm and shoulder causing pendulum movement of arm. |
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Definition
| scapula orientation across back rather than on the sides of upper arms to allow full range of motion. |
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Definition
| cone shaped rib cage and torso, long curved digit bones, small thumbs, and long arms to aid in arm swinging. |
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| fundemental primate adaptation |
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Definition
| grasping hand with opposable thumb |
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| which suborder primate does not fully exhibit an opposoble thumb |
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the big toe that functions and a thumb for the foot
- allows primates to grasp with feat |
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replaces claws at the end of digits for grasping
- exception is mamosets and tamarins.
- many strepsirhines have a combination of flattened nails and a single clawed digit on hands and feet. |
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allows for great depth perception
- advantageous for life in trees. |
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the origin of primate adaptation that focuses on the value of grasping hands and stereoscopic vision for life in trees.
- Frederic wood-jones and George Elliot Smith proposed idea in 1920's |
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| Visual Predetation Hypothesis |
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Definition
origin of primate adaptation that focuses on the value of grasping hands and stereoscopic vision for catching small prey
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| came up with visual predation hypothesis in 1970s |
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| Frederic wood Jones and George Elliot-Smith |
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Definition
| Came up with arboreal hypothesis in 1920s |
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Definition
proposed that excellent stereoscopic vision and grasping hands were essential for foraging for flowering plants, which arose during the ame geologic period in which early primates emerged.
- stated this in 1991 |
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Definition
non human primates posses two incisors, one canine, two premolars, and three molars.
- the exceptions to this pattern are most new world monkeys have a third premolar and strepsirhines have varying dental formulas. |
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Definition
| the arc of teeth along either the bottom or top of the mouth. |
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| the tiny bit of skeleton that covers and protects parts of the inner ear. this trait is shared by all primates living or extinct and occurs in no other mammalian group. |
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protect the eye more effectively
- more complete in haplorhines than in strepsirhines. |
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closest living ancestor to humans
- shared common ancestor 6 million years ago |
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| only poses extensive morhilogical adaptations to bipedality |
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| the column of bones and cartilaginous disks that house the spinal cord and provides structural support and flexibility to the body |
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| the twelve verebrae of the thorax that hold the ribs |
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| the five vertebrae of the lower back |
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| the fused vertebrae taht form the back of the pelvis |
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| the fused tail vertebrae that are very small in humans and apes |
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| hole in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord connects to the brain |
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| flattened bony area of the occipital posterior to the foramen magnum, which the neck muscles attach |
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| os coxae (innominate bones) |
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Definition
| the pair of bones that compse of the lateral parts of the pelvis; each innominate is made up of three bones that fuse during adolescence |
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| portion of the innominate bone that forms the bony underpinning of the rump |
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| the blade of the innominate to which the gluteal muscles attach |
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Definition
| portion of the innominate that forms the anterior part of the birth cannal |
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| gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus. the muscles asociated with walking which have undergone radical realignment in habitual bipeds. |
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| the cup shaped joint formed by the illium, ischium, and pubis at which the head of the femur attaches to pelvis. |
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| natural selection in bipeds |
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Definition
favored a femur angling from the hip into the knee becaue the angle places foot below the center of gravity.
- saves energy for walking |
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| composed of tarsals metatarsals and phlanges |
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heel strikes first fooled by rest of foot.
main propulsive force comes at toe-off, when big toe puses off from the ground and the toes bend strongly backward (dorsiflex) |
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| falls in line with other toe digits, and becomes much larger than other toes |
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| contain arches that accomadate tgreat weight put on two feet, and toes are robust and bound tightly together by ligiments so stability can be achieved. |
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free to carry tools and other objects because they are not being used for motion
arms also shortened over time |
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| the enlarged inferior end of the femur that forms the top of the knee joint |
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| foot bones that form the ankle and arches of the foot |
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| five foot bones that join the trasals to the toes and form a portion of the longitudinal arch of the foot |
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Definition
| BONES THAT FORM THE FINGERS AND TOES |
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| ancestor that would have been tree dwelling |
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proposed that humans are decended from arboreal apes, rather than knuckle walkers.
- this is because arboreal apes are upright on tree branches using over head branches for support |
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| energy effeciency and bipedalism |
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Definition
| bipedal walking is a more effecient way of traveling. |
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| peter rodman and henry McHenry |
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Definition
| pointed out that bipedal humans walk more efficiently than knuckle walking apes. |
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| Ability to dissipate heat |
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Definition
| bipedal walking offers less surface area for sun to heat body during locomotion and blood is dissipated faster from the brain allowing it to cool easier |
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| ecological influences and bipedalism |
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Definition
| the cooling of the earth during late miocene of Africa created large grass lands, and long distance between food sources so a more efficient mode of travel was necessary. |
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| hominid intelligence and brain size increase is seen a the result of tool use and extracting and foraging |
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| hominid intelliigence and brain sze increase is thought to be a result of the benefits of navigating and foraging in a complex tropical Forrest system |
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| or machivellian intelligence hominid intelligence and brain size increase theorized as a result of benefits of a result of benefits being politically or socially clever when living with others; sometimes called machiavellian intelligence |
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| ability to place oneself into the mind of others; necessar for possing an awareness of the knowledge or cognitive ability of others and for imitating or teaching others. |
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| lowest level of classification |
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Definition
species and races - phenotypes are deceiving
- sheep and goats of very similar skeletal structures |
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scientific study of classifying living things.
- binomial classification |
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carolus linnaeus in the 18th century
- tools have been refined due to the development of molecular biology |
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| lowest level in hiearchal system of classification |
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| highest level in hiearchal system of classification |
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Definition
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| scientific identity of an individual species |
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Definition
Genus name and species name
- Homo Sapiens
- distinuish from genus and species, and 2 names together establish bi-nomial system |
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| genetic distinction of species |
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Definition
any organism that can and do reproduce fertile offspring
- other species are isolated reproductively from each other |
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| arbitrary since species is self-defining and self-maintaining and is the only taxonomic unit |
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| the transformation of one species into another and involves 2 processes |
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| 2 processes of speciation |
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Definition
| succession and diversification |
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Definition
known also as phyletic evolution and anagenesis and functions thusly:
- species A is transformed and succeeded by species B. A --> B
- time in phyletic evolution is measured over generations and change occurs due to segregation and independant assortment. |
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2 questions to phyletic evolution
- or succssion speciation or anagenesis |
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Definition
1. how many generations is necessary for phyletic evolution to take place?
2. at what point in process does species A become species B? |
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| Diversification Speciation: Alternative terms |
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Definition
| Adaptive Radiation, allotropic speciation, and cladogenesis |
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Adaptive Radiation
also cladogenesis, allotropic speciation, and diversification speciation: like terms |
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Definition
| species A evolves into both species B and Species C making species A an ancestral Species |
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| Questions and points with adaptive radiation |
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Definition
1.species B and C are contemporary with each other, and diverge or isolated from species A in succession
2. are we still dealing with species A at the point of seperation? |
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Definition
| evolutionary theory that states evolution occurs in accelerated rates of adaptive radiation or cladogenesis. |
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| anagenesis or phyletic evolution in which evolution occurs in gradual intermediate changes over the course of generations |
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