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| traditions and customs transmitted through learning, guide the beliefs and behaviors of people exposed to them |
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| native oriented approach- investigates how local people think- often provided by culutrual consultants (informants) |
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| science oriented approach- shifts focus from local observations, categories, explanations, and interpretations to those of the anthropologist |
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| traits that get masked by the dominant trait but could appear in later generations |
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| a languages meaning system |
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| area in a chromosome pair that determines wholly or partially a particular biological trait |
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| H. Sapien Neanderthalensis archaeic subspecies lived in europe and middle east 130,000 and 30,000 b.p. overlapped with homo sapiens, cold adapted (wide nasal passages to warm air), heavy brow ridge |
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| “father of modern linguistics”- linguistic anthropologist- believed that the human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language (universal grammar)- all languages have a common structural basis, all humans have similar linguistic abilities/thought processes, people can learn foreign languages, words and ideas translate between languages |
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| The study of the sound contrasts (phonemes) of a particular language |
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| behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture |
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| children who come from mixed parents automatically get placed in the classification of the minority group |
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| the study of communication through body movements, stances, facial expressions, and gestures |
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| identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic group and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation |
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| accelerating interdependence of nations in a world system linked economically and through media |
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| classification scheme: assignment to categories ex. assigning types of plants to like green or yellow peas |
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| an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis |
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| The view of cultural diversity in a country as something good and desirable; a multicultrual society socializes individuals not only into the dominant culture but also into an ethnic culture |
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| belief that explanations for past events should be sought in ordinary forces that continue to work today |
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| ethnocentrism/ethnocentric |
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| tendency to view ones culture as surperior and to apply one’s own clutural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures |
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| when a minority group starts to adapt to the customs of a dominant host culture |
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| earliest stone tools disc 1931 used 2.6-1.7 million years ago |
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| found in french, lower paleolithic tool tradition associated with H. erectus |
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| people who can provide most complete or useful information about particular aspects of life |
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| study of human condition, society biological, language, and culture past present and future |
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| earliest widely accepted hominin genus, the kadabba was earlier tho |
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| an expert on a particular aspect of a local life who helps an ethnographer understand that aspect |
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| varied group of piliocene pleistocene hominins the term is derived from their former classification as members of a distinct sub-family, the austlopithecinae now they are only distinguished from homo only at the genus level |
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| dates to 1.8 mya, small brained A. boisei and H. Habilis skulls from the same time |
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| allele that masks another allele in a heterozygote |
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| H. erectus skulls (1.6 mya) show increased brain and complexity, and modern body shape and height |
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| encompasses earliest members of our species 300,000? to 28,000 B.P. also called neadrathals |
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| Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
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| existed about 7mya, very close to the human/chimp divergence, so it is unclear if we can consider it a member of the hominini group |
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| field work in a particular culture |
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| on organisms evident traits, traits that can be observed |
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| skin color lactose intolerance, body fat distribution, hypertension, obesity, metabolic syndrome, disease resistance |
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| adaptive biological changes that occur during the individuals lifetime made possible by biological plasticity |
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| apes have a larger brain, are generally larger in body size, longer life spans, longer intervals between infant births, no tails, more upright posture |
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| science that examines the ways in which earth sediments are deposited in demarcated layers known as strata using this relativity to date fossils |
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| on organisms hereditary make up |
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| formation of new species occurs when sub groups of the same species are seperated for a sufficient length of time |
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| exchange of genetic material between populations of the same species through direct or indirect interbreeding |
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| change in DNA molecules of which genes and chromosomes are built |
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| variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce |
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| survival of the fittest only the species strong enough to make it in the world are able to reproduce and adapt (evolve) to be best suited to live in their environment |
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| permission granted after knowing the potential consequences |
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| possessing two identical alleles |
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| possessing different alleles |
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| most scientists view BEv as a dialect of modern english, clear phonological/grammatical difference from standard english, SE is prestige dialect but is nOT linguistically surperior to BEV |
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| biochemically different forms of a given gene |
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| the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of live stock |
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| traits are inherited independently of one another independent assortment/recombination of genetic traits creates variety |
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| aka folic acid water soluble vitamin during embryonic period regulates cell duplication in central nervous system/bone tissue. deficiency leads to incomplete fusion of the spinal cord. levels can be decreased with high levels of UV radiation, more likely in light than dark skin, protected by high levels of melanin (skin pigment) |
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| thought to be matrilineal first common ancestor of modern humans lived in africa 200,000 bp her descendants are thought to have left Africa no more than 135,000 bp |
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| general primate characteristics |
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| grasping, smell to sight, nose to hand, brain complexity, parental involvement, sociality |
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| fossil/living humans, chimps,gorillas, and their ancestors |
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| new techniques of grinding/polishing stone tools occurred because people relied on domesticated foods for more than 50% of diet |
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| broad-spectrum revolution |
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| 15,000 BP in middle east 12,000 BP in europe exploitation of a wider variety of plant and animal resources, led to food production in the middle east by 10,000 BP. includes upper paleolithic and mesolithic in europe |
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| refers to the measurement of a human individual |
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| the "higher primates" familiar to most people the old world monkeys and apes including humans, and the new world monkeys or platyrrhines |
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US: hypodescent rule, visible minorities
Japan:image of racial/ethnic homogeneity, but really 10% are minorities. their minority group is called the Burakumin, even though they are genetically/physically indistinguishable, they are historically lower class and the stigma against them is similar to American attitudes against blacks
Brazil: less exclusive categories allow individuals to label themselves differently in various situations, over 500 racial labels, lacks hypodescent rule |
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| the practice of analyzing and describing a complex phenomenon in terms of phenomena that are held to represent a simpler or more fundamental level, esp. when this is said to provide a sufficient explanation |
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| the dissemination of elements of culture |
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| dark skin- to prevent skin cancer/destruction of folate with people close to the equator with high solar radiation possibilities light skin- to facilitate vitamin d synthesis in N. latitudes with lower solar radiation |
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| assimilate or cause to assimilate a different culture |
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| the gradual acquistion of the characteristics and norms of a cuture or group by a person and culture etc |
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| tame (an animal) and keep it as a pet or for farm produse or cultivate a palnt for food |
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