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ardipithicus ramidus 4.4 mya ethiopia woodland, quad, not chimp like, last common ancestor of chimps and humans,more like humans.
Move from rainforest to woodland encouraged bipedalism for movement between trees |
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| 1911-1915 england, ape like jaw, large brain human teeth, HOAX. jaw of orangutang with teeth filled down, 1953 flouride test reveals different ages. |
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| 1924, south Africa, Raymond dart, BIPEDAL with small brain, FIRST FOUND BIPEDAL ANCESTOR. |
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| 1974, 3.18 mya, almost complete, bipedal small brained A. afarensis, Ethiopia, pushes back earliest known hominid date back to 4.4 |
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| afarensis crania and pelvis |
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| chimps pelvis is long and narrow, humans are broad and flat, afarensis is broadened, must be bipedal. crania is small teeth are reduced face really primitive and wide |
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| Bipedalism physical changes |
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| straight legged stance, knees sloped inward, longer lower limbs, pelvis supports internal organs widened and bowled, no constraints of locomotion from breathing(language), lumbar curve in spine(2nd curve) to support weight, forma magnum moved back. |
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| energetically more efficient, greater flexibility, frees hands(tool use), allows carrying of provisions, reduces heat stress, see farther, taller stature(defense, movement, predation protection |
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| Phlanges in hands and feet are larger and curved to grasp branches, scapula allows more movement |
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| Sivapithecus- genus of primates |
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| 14-7 mya SE Asia orangutan ancestor? |
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| Sahelanthropus Tchadensis |
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| Chad, 6-7 mya, mixture of ape and human features |
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| Humans distinguished from apes? |
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| bipedalism, big brain, tool use, hair loss, social behavior, complex thoughts, language higher rounded cranium smaller teeth and skeleton, art, religion. |
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| sag crest many diff.robust |
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| butchered animals, bones with stone cuts 2.5 mya |
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| unlikely australopithecines hunted, small teeth large molars thick enamel, large face small brain, woodland, wood patches |
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| Cela-Conde and Ayala classification |
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| Praeanthropus: gracile aus., Adri, Aus, and homo. |
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| dental teeth row curve,(not parallel) |
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| 160k ybp h. sapien, VERY ROBUST north east africa |
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| north west africa, morocco |
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