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| Abiogenesis aka "Spontaneous Generation". |
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Definition
| Aristotle thought life came from inanimate matter; life from non-life. Popular until 17th century. |
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| Life comes from other life; popularized in the 17th century due to the scientific method. Fracesco Redi's meat and fly experiment. |
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"Germ Theory of Disease" and "Pasteurization".
Flask experiment not allowing air. |
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Literal reading of "Genesis" in bible. Species are fixed and created unique.
Higher and lower beings (god, angels, humans, etc.) |
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"Father of Taxonomy"
Wrote "Systema Naturae" which created "Taxonomy", the system for classification. |
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| Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon |
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Definition
Wrote "Historie Naturelle" - Species distribution varies on GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION and CLIMATE.
Provided a context for evolution, but no mechanism. Species CANNOT give rise to other species. |
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Extinction.
"Catastrophism" - earth goes through short-lived CATACLYSMIC events. |
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| Grandfather to Darwin; species evolved from COMMON ANCESTOR. |
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FIRST PROPONENT OF EVOLUTION; provided a (incorrect) mechanism (need for traits causes evolution).
Inheritance of acquired characteristics. |
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| Thomas Malthus (economist) |
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Definition
| Competition over limited resources; "survival of the fittest." |
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Uniformitarianism - first to state Earth is VERY old (old enough for evolution).
Before him, people believed earth was created in 4004 BC. |
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| Russel Alfred Wallace (RAW)* |
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Definition
| Thought of "Natural Selection" by himself at around the same time as Darwin. |
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Origin of Species in 1859.
Provided a MECHANISM for evolution.
Adaptation by Natural Selection. |
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Definition
| Explains how a feature is created. |
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Term
Darwin's Three Postulates
Hint: CVH |
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Definition
1. Species COMPETE to survive.
2. Individuals VARY in ways that effect their abilities to survive.
3. SOME variation is HERITABLE. |
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| 1. COMPETITION for limited resources. |
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Definition
| There is scarcity, so not all individuals survive; "Survival of the fittest". |
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| Variation effects ability to survive and reproduce. |
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| 3. Some traits are HERITABLE. |
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Definition
Traits transferred form parent to offspring.
In Darwin's time, mechanisms for inheritance were unknown. |
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Term
| How Natural Selection works. |
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Definition
Individuals that compete well (rich) pass on their traits to progeny, individuals that do not compete well (poor) die and do not reproduce.
THEREFORE, HELPFUL traits are passed on, and UNHELPFUL traits disappear. |
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Term
| When is Natural selection applicable? |
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Definition
| When Darwin's 3 postulates hold true. |
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A feature in an organism shaped by natural selection.
Ex. Black and White moth examples. |
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| Strong selection pressure. |
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| Increased dark pigmentation in a species. |
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| SHIFTS the population frequency to the left or right (favours a specific trait over another. |
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| Individuals on the extremes selected against and population becomes for "normal" (bell shaped) |
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| Selection against the intermediate organisms; splits apart the population and can lead to 2 different species. |
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| Explain evolution of Complex Traits |
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Definition
Small, gradual changes over time; not the whole thing at once. "tinkerer vs. engineer".
OR
Evolution by natural selection functions as a "tinkerer" not an "engineer". |
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Definition
| Evolution of the same traits in unrelated organisms. |
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Term
| NATURAL SELECTION occurs at the level of the ______, while EVOLUTION occurs at the level of the ______. |
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Definition
Natural selection = individual.
Evolution = population. |
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Definition
| Not all traits are adaptive; some traits are by-products of other traits in evolution or otherwise (chin, brow, blood colour, etc.) |
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One individuals genetic contribution to the next generation.
How many children that reach reproductive age. |
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Genetic makeup of an organism.
Ex. AA, Aa, aa. |
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| Physical expression of the genotype. |
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| Alternative forms of a gene. |
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| Darwin's view of INHERITANCE |
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Definition
He believed inheritance was an average or "blend" of both parents' traits.
Blending inheritance. |
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Definition
Offspring = blend of both parents' traits.
Disproved because it would REDUCE (and eventually eliminate) variation in a population. |
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Mendelian Genetics
Pea experiments (1850s-60s)
Mendel's Two Laws |
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Definition
1. Law of Segregation: traits of offspring are determined by "discrete" traits passed on by parents (one each). Remember dominant vs recessive traits.
2. Law of Independent Assortment: each variant of a "factor" is equally likely to be transmitted. Emergence of one trait will not effect the emergence of another (in peas, yellow vs. green does not effect smooth vs. wrinkled). |
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Definition
Dominant is fully expressed in the phenotype.
Recessive is suppressed by the dominant in the phenotype, but is still present in the genotype. |
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Term
| Mendel's experiments were rediscovered in (and why): |
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Definition
1900, due to key advances in cell biology.
-All living beings made of cells.
-Discovery of the chromosome.
-Cell division (cells come from a single cell). Mitosis and Meiosis. |
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Definition
-Small and linear, contained in nucleus.
-Come in pairs.
-Replicated during cell division.
-Exist in homologous pairs in diploid (one chromosome from each parent) organisms. |
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Cell division that creates TWO EXACT COPIES OF CHROMOSOME PAIRS.
Part of normal human growth. |
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Definition
Special cell division for producing GAMETES.
Creates single chromosomes (half, since they come in pairs) in haploid (having a single set of unpaired chromosome) gamete. |
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Definition
Haploid sperm joins haploid ovum to create a ZYGOTE.
ZYGOTE undergoes mitosis and grows up. |
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Mendel's "factors".
Strands of DNA inside of chromosomes. |
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Variants of a gene.
-If an organism carries two identical alleles, it is said to be HOMOZYGOUS (AA, aa).
-If the alleles are different, it is said to be HETEROZYGOUS (Aa). |
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Definition
| Refers to a point on a chromosomes. "Genes reside on loci". |
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| Sexual reproduction _____ traits and creates new combinations. |
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Definition
Shuffles.
-Also known as RECOMBINATION.
-Sexual reproduction create variation in natural populations. |
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Traits on the same chromosome are said to be LINKED.
-CROSSING OVER can shuffle even linked traits. |
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