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Definition
| the portion of DNA molecules that directs the synthesis of specific proteins |
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| All the genetic variants possessed by members of a population |
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| The introduction of alleles from the gene pool of one population into that of another |
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| DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
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Definition
| the genetic material consisting of complex molecule whose base structure directs the synthesis of proteins |
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Definition
Mate selection is based on chosen traits, reproduction is random.
Example:
Darwin: Males need to be attractive because females are picky
Marion Petrie (1980s): Tested this with peacocks by altering their tails |
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| traits are separate, and alleles can't mix |
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| tool used to cut meat and process vegetables. Acheulian Tool |
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Definition
"dwarf homo"
-Almost identical to homo erectus
-Found on Flores Island, Indonesia
-Possible use of watercraft
-Dates to between 800,000 and 18,000 years ago |
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| “Handy human” The first fossil members of the genus Homo appearing 2.5 MYA, with larger brains and smaller faces than Australopithecus |
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Definition
group within the genus homo, in Europe and Asia from 30,000 to 125,000 years ago.
stocky, large trunk, more forward
rugged musculature
Mousterian Tools
buried dead
modern size brain, different skull shape |
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Definition
Dates 2.5 MYA-1.8 MYA
-Found in East and South Africa
-Believed to have mastered the Oldowan stone tool industry
-There is ample fossil evidence that H. habilis was a major staple in the diet of large predatory animals; so it was probably not a hunter |
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| Australopithecus Afarensis |
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Definition
3.5-2.6 MYA
Tanzania and Ethiopia (East Africa)
Males 5 feet tall
Females 3.5-4 feet tall
protruding face with a low forehead |
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| Genes passed down through mothers line of genes |
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| in genetics, a term to describe the ability of an allele for a trait to mask the presence of another allele |
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| A kind of cell division that produces the sex cells, each of which has half the number of chromosomes found in other cells of the organisms |
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| the chance alteration of genetic material that produces new variation |
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| In biology, a group of similar individuals that can and do interbreed |
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| A term used to describe an allele for a trait whose expression is masked by the presence of a dominant trait |
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| The Middle Stone Age of Europe, Asia, and Africa beginning about 12,000 years ago |
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| The New Stone Age; a pre historic period beginning about 10,000 years ago in which peoples possessed stone-based technologies and depended on domesticated crops and/or animals subsistence |
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| Any object fashioned or altered by humans |
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| In archaeology and paleoanthropology, dating archaeological or fossil materials in units of absolute time using scientific properties such as rates of decay of radioactive elements; also known as “chronometric dating |
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| : Designating an event, object, or fossil as being older or younger then another by noting the position in the earth, by measuring the amount of chemicals contained in fossil bones and artifacts, or through association with other plant, animal, or cultural remains |
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| : “Upright Human” A species within the genus Homo first appearing just after 2 million years ago in Africa and ultimately spreading throughout the Old World. Use of fire show advancements in technology |
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| 4 Fields of Anthropology: Physical |
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Definition
| Systematic study of humans as biological organisms |
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| 4 Fields of Anthropology: Archaeological |
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Definition
| Study of human cultures though the recovery and analysis of material remains & environmental data |
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| 4 Fields of Anthropology: Linguistic |
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Definition
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| 4 Fields of Anthropology: Cultural |
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Definition
| study of customary patterns in human's behavior, thought and feelings |
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Term
| Traits that all Primates have |
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Definition
Teeth (different dental formula based on diets)
Eyes (binocular vision, depth perception, color vision)
Locomotion (some have grouping tails)
Brain (larger then humans, not proportionate to their body)
Thumbs |
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Definition
Lemurs & Lorises
Tarsiess
Monkeys (New & Old World)
Apes (Great & Lesser) |
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Definition
The gradual process by which factors in the environment exert pressure favoring some individuals over others to reproduce in the next generation
Example: finches from the same place, they turned out different. The species adapt to environment. They will change to help survive, live longer, last longer |
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| Natural Selection Pressures |
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Definition
| Predators, climate, disease |
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Term
| What is the process of Speciation? |
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Definition
1. Population becomes separated
2. Mutations Occur
3. Groups change, climate changes, new predators
4. Natural Selection Occurs
5. Repeats over time, gene pool changes
6. New species is developed due to alterations |
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| Why do anthropologists study non-human modern primates? |
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Definition
| We learn lots from studying them, we're a lot alike, gives us idea on our ancestors |
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Definition
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| Biological functions of skin color |
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Definition
dark skin: more production to skin. darker in tropical places
Light skin; gets vitamin d. lighter in places w/ less sun |
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Definition
| a stone from which one or more flakes have been removed. serving as a tool itself. from movie where they would break the rocks into a spear-head like thing and use it as a tool |
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Definition
| when archeologists determine the space that they are going to search |
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Definition
| A special form of locomotion on two feet found in humans and their ancestors, spend most out time on 2 feet |
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Definition
| Study of past through material remains |
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| Define social stratification and explain how archaeologists demonstrate it through the archaeological record |
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Definition
| Different classes within a society. Seen through burials. Size of dwellings. Health at death |
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Term
| What is “social race” and how does it relate to racism? Be able to define what is meant by “social race” versus “biological race.” |
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Definition
| Social: what we refer to it as, we base it on skin colors or whatever. Biological: all from race, just little things changed overtime. Race is a social construct |
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| What climatic and cultural changes characterize the Mesolithic (and lead to the Neolithic)? |
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Definition
| Coming out of an ice age, stable environment, it’s an easier living environment. Starting to have wider variety of resources, not just from hunting. Started storing food, eating grains/plants, adapting) |
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| Which body parts are used to determine traits that track human evolution? Give examples of information bones can provide if they are well preserved. |
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Definition
| Teeth, legs (4 leg walkers have straighter legs) hands, thumbs, brains |
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Term
| How do the laws of superposition and of uniformitarianism contribute to archaeology and the study of evolution? |
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Definition
| (superposition: rocks in ground, the lower you go the older they are, uniform shows us that the changes today are things that happened in the past too) relates to evo. Because we can tell how things change over time |
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| What environmental changes occurred in Miocene Africa that resulted in a split 7 million years ago in the population of the last common ancestor of Pan (chimps/bonobos) and Hominins? |
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Definition
| Followed water/trees(forests dwindled). Slow migration over time, different ways of life (sleeping, hunting) these things changed us too, looking for fruit might have given us color vision) |
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| What are the African Eve/Multiregional hypotheses? Were there multiple waves of hominins out of Africa? Is only one of these hypotheses correct or could they both be? |
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Definition
African Eve: 1 migration of homosapians from Africa, colonized the world from that
Multi regional: little waves came after the major one
Both hypothesis could be correct, 1 major migration, then a few smaller waves |
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| what are the 5 great apes |
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Definition
| bonobos, orangoutangs, gorillas, chimps, humans |
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Definition
| Is the view that all beliefs, customs, and ethics are relative to the individual within his own social context. Right and wrong are culture specific, they are different in every culture |
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Definition
| the belief that the ways of one's own culture are the only proper ones |
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| why are the concepts of ethnocentrism and cultural relativism important in anthropology? |
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Definition
| ethnocentrism is based on your own culture, so you have a biased opinion, where as cultural relativism, everything is relative to the context of that culture |
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Definition
| a shared view on beliefs, views, and life styles |
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| Is culture specific to humans |
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Definition
| No it is not, bonobo's have sex all the time |
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| Which body parts are used to determine traits that track evolution |
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Definition
| spines straightened out over time as we began walking on 2 feet. Skull size changed over time. opposable thumbs. Bones can also show what the diet is and if they had any diseases |
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Definition
| Southern Apes, 4 MYA, climb tree's, "Lucy" |
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2 MYA, big brains, tool use, bipedalism "Handy Man"
Neanderthals |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces a surplus, which results in population growth |
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Term
| what are the main lines of evidence of agriculture |
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Definition
| development of irrigation |
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Term
| Neolithic: Be able to compare this lifestyle both to previous cultures and to our own way of life. |
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Definition
| neolitic was the start of technological advancements, while paleolithic was the beginning of tool use and other technologies. Lots of basic living techniques came from the neolitic time period, we've just advanced them so much over time |
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Term
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Definition
| The New Stone Age; a pre historic period beginning about 10,000 years ago in which peoples possessed stone-based technologies and depended on domesticated crops and/or animals subsistence |
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| Excavation, remote sensing, field survey, analysis |
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