Term
|
Definition
| relatively permanent unequal distribution of goods and services in a society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific cultural institutions function to support the structure of society or serve the needs of individuals in society |
|
|
Term
| Weaknesses of Functionalism |
|
Definition
-Not all of society's most difficult jobs are well-rewarded.
- Social stratification doesn't always result in recruiting to right people for difficult jobs
-Limits to financial motivation
-inequality has potential to erupt into violence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focuses on inequality as a source of conflict and change |
|
|
Term
| Weaknesses of Conflict Theory |
|
Definition
| ignore the social mechanisms that promote solidarity across class, racial, ethnic, and caste lines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to control resources in one's own interest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the accumulation of material resources or access to the means of producing these resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a category of persons with about the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power, and prestige and who are ranked high and low in relation to each other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there are possibilities for movement between the classes or social strata called ________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the social position into which a person is born (sex, "race", kinship group) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the social position that a person chooses or achieves (spouse, parent, professor, artist) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depends on occupation, education, lifestyle |
|
|
Term
| attitudinal, behavioral, and lifestyle differences: income is the most important determinant of social class |
|
Definition
| 3 things that social class in the US correlates with |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the opportunities people have to fulfill their potential in society |
|
|
Term
chances of survival and longevity
opportunities to obtain an education
opportunities to participate in cultural life
opportunities to live in comfort and security |
|
Definition
| 4 life chances/opportunities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"race" is a ________ category.
not a natural category, but a social and cultural fact. |
|
|
Term
| perceived hereditary differences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| income, wealth, and educational opportunities |
|
Definition
| there are long-standing inequalities in... (3 things) |
|
|
Term
| discrimination in their own country. |
|
Definition
| involuntary minorities suffer... |
|
|
Term
| immigrants, they invest in assimilation and education |
|
Definition
| voluntary minorities are... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a constructed narrative that focuses on cultural rather than "racial" differences. |
|
|
Term
| Immigrants should abandon their cultural distinctiveness and become mainstream US. This ideology existed until mid-20th century. |
|
Definition
| What's the ideology of assimilation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| After civil rights era of 1960s, idology shifted to _______. |
|
|
Term
| cultural diversity is a postive value that makes an important contribution to contemporary society. |
|
Definition
| What's the ideology of multiculturalism? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| system of stratification based on birth |
|
|
Term
| hereditary, endogamous, ranked in relation to one another, and usually associated with a traditional occupation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement from one caste to another... |
|
|
Term
Brahmins are priests and scholars.
Kshatriyas are the ruling and warrior caste.
Vaisyas are merchants.
Shudras are menial workers and artisans.
Dalits are "untouchables".
|
|
Definition
| What are the 4 caste categories and one lower group? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a social process that helps to order society and provide its members with meaning, unity, peace of mind, and the degree of control over events they believe is possible. |
|
|
Term
A)sacred stories
B)symbols and symbolism
C)beings, powers, states, places, and qualities
D)addressing the supernatural
E)meaning and order in people's lives |
|
Definition
A)Religion is composed of ______ that members believe are important.
B)It makes extensive use of ________. (2 things)
C)Proposes the existence of _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____ that can not be measured scientifically.
D)Include rituals and specific means of ________.
E)Provides ______ and _____ to people's lives. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The belief that all living and non-living objects are imbued with spirit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A system of beliefs that deal with fundamental questions in the religious and social order. |
|
|
Term
A) Polytheism
B) Monotheism |
|
Definition
A)belief in many gods
B) belief in a single god
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spiritual power that resides in people or objects.
can be positive or dangerous. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Spiritual power or energy in people or things that certain people must avoid.
A religious power or energy that is dangerous. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An object, an animal species, or a feature of the natural world that is associated with a particular descent group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a prominent feature of the religions of the Australian aborigines. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Act involving the manipulation of religious symbols. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| participants are removed from their community or status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| participants have passed out of an old status but not yet entered a new one |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| participants return to their community with a new status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rituals and symbols that put people in temporary state of equality and oneness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a state of spiritual transcendence, during which inequalities are ignored. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rituals directed toward the welfare of the group or community rather than the individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| communication between people and spirits or gods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People try to increase their spiritual purity or the efficacy of their prayers by making offerings to gods or spirits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an attempt to mechanistically control supernatural forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the procedure performed resembles the result desired |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that things once in contact with a person or object retain an invisible connection with that person or object. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a religious ritual performed to find hidden objects or information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an individual recognized as having the ability to meditate between the world of humanity and the world of gods or spirits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one who is formally elected or appointed to a full-time religious office |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief in the ability to harm others by harboring malevolent thoughts about them; the practice of sorcery: may be done unconsciously. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a current religious practice that claims descent from pre-Christian nature worship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the conscious and intentional use of magic with the intent of causing harm or good |
|
|
Term
| Identify what is wrong with the world, present a vision of what a better world to come might look like, describe a method of transition from the existing world to the better world. |
|
Definition
| prophets must have a code with three elements... what are they? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aim to restore what its followers believe is a golden age of the past |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a religious movement that looks toward the creation of a utopian future that doesn't resemble a past golden age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this view focuses on the coming of a messiah who will usher in a utopian world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that a catastrophe will signal the beginning of a new age and the eventual establishment of paradise |
|
|
Term
| Christianize the world, find a wide variety of wonders both real and imagined, amass great wealth |
|
Definition
| 3 motivators for European expansion |
|
|
Term
| Rise of a banking and merchant class, growing population, new ship design that was better at sailing into wind, diseases carried by Europeans to native populations |
|
Definition
| Developments Aiding Expansion (4 things) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to strip an area of money, goods, or raw materials through the use of physical violence or the threat of such violence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized in the large-scale production of a single crop for sale to distant consumers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| firms managed by a centralized board of directors but owned by shareholders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| model example of a joint stock company, based on money raised from the sale of shares, was chartered by the dutch government to hold the monopoly on all dutch trade with societies of the Indian and Pacific oceans, shares were available on reasonable terms and were held by a cross-section of dutch society, led by a board of directors called the Heeran XVII. it was empowered to make treaties with local rulers in the name of the Dutch Republic, occupy lands, levy taxes, raise armies, and declare war. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| were created when nations established political domination over geographical areas and political units. |
|
|
Term
| to exploit native people and resources, to be a settlement for surplus European population, to occupy key strategic locations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unpaid work demanded of native populations |
|
|
Term
| civil disobedience, changing political structures, changing economic structures |
|
Definition
| reasons for decolonization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the total value of all a nation's production |
|
|
Term
| world bank, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development |
|
Definition
| an agency of the united nations, officially called the _____, that provides loans to promote international trade and economic development, especially to poor nations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a model of development that predicts that nonindustrial societies will move in the social and technological direction of industrialized nations. |
|
|
Term
| repeating the historical experience of the wealthy nations. |
|
Definition
| Proponents of modernization theory believed that poor nations could become wealthy by... |
|
|
Term
| it focused on large scale projects and technological change and paid insufficient attention to improving the lives of the very poor and increasing their capacity to contribute effectively to the economy. |
|
Definition
| Proponents of the Basic Human Needs approach argued that developments had failed because |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A series of political and economic policies promoting free trade, individual initiative, and minimal government regulation of the economy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opposed state control of and government subsidies to industries and opposed all but minimal aid to impoverished individuals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in this approach, wealthy nations demanded that poor nations restructure their economies. |
|
|
Term
| sell off state-owned enterprises; reduce subsidies to local businesses and industries; reduce spending on education, health, and social programs; open their markets to free trade. |
|
Definition
| structural adjustment required poor nations to... (4 things) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A grassroots organization that offers small loans to poor women. |
|
|
Term
| opening of institutions, creating economic opportunities, providing economic resources for the purchase of things such as instruments and costumes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mobilizing protesters of fraudulent elections, challenging authoritarian governments that use censorship, organizing grassroots protests against government actions, fundraising and activism |
|
Definition
| 4 ways that Electronic Communication Technologies may enhance local democracies... (1iran, 2china, 3indonesia, 4us) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anthropological work to solve practical problems at home and around the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| work in the public sector, often employed by national, state, and city governments |
|
|
Term
| documents, recorded voices, coded letters, slang |
|
Definition
| forensic linguistic aspects (4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cultural concepts of wellness and disease, outreach to communities - ethnography, appropriate development of indigenous medicines. |
|
|
Term
| institutional anthropology |
|
Definition
| applied ethnography to enhance interactions of institutions |
|
|
Term
| translation and interpretation |
|
Definition
| hospitals, government agencies, courts |
|
|
