Term
| What are the four sub disciplines of anthropology? |
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Definition
| Cultural, Archaeology, Linguistic, and Physical |
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Term
| What does cultural anthropology attempt to explain? |
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Definition
| Explain modern cultural diversity, ethnography, ethnology |
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Term
| What does Archaeology attempt to explain? |
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Definition
| Study of material remains to understand past cultures |
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Term
| What does linguistic anthropology attempt to explain? |
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Definition
| Study of human languages, relationships between speech and culture |
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Term
| What does physical anthropology attempt to explain? |
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Definition
| Evolution and biocultural variation of humans and our living and past relatives |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of humankind in all places at all times |
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Term
| What does the "holistic" approach refer to when it refers to anthropology? |
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Definition
| Studying the whole of a what it means to be human, taking into account all aspects of our existence |
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Term
| What does the "biocultural" approach refer to when speaking about anthropology? |
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Definition
| The idea being that every person is a product of both their biology and their culture and so we should study them both. |
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Term
| Name 3 steps of scientific method? |
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Definition
1. Hypothesis
2. Gather repeatable data to test hypothesis
3. Reject/falsify, fail to reject, or partially fit hypothesis |
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Term
| What is a paradigm and how does it affect scientific inquiry? |
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Definition
| A paradigm is a preconceived notion about how the world works. It affects scientific inquiry as it often determines what is worth examining |
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Term
| What is typological thinking? |
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Definition
| Highly categorical way of thinking where all manner of beasts were organized into different species and never changed. |
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Term
| Evolution was a paradigm shift because...? |
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Definition
| typological thinking was the paradigm, evolution gave rise to a way of thinking that promoted change and blurred the lines between species. |
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Term
| What was the paradigm during the 17th and 18th century and how would it impact evolutionary thinking? |
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Definition
| All organisms were unchanging and ordered, which was a mindset that stood starkly against evolution. It created a lot of opposition to the idea of evolution. |
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Term
| Whose work did Darwin draw on for his theory of Natural Selection? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three tenets of Darwin’s theory of natural selection and how do they fit together to contribute to change over time? |
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Definition
1.Struggle for existence
2.Populations are naturally variable
3.Some variation is heritable
Explain how the work together |
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Term
| What parts of Darwin's theory was incomplete? |
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Definition
| Laws of inheritance are for most part unknown? where does variation come from? how is variation maintained? |
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Term
| Describe how alleles are expressed in a simple dominant-recessive system? |
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Definition
| Dominant alleles are always prevalent when mixed with recessive alleles. Recessive alleles only appear where dominant are non existent |
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Term
| Difference between genotype and phenotype? |
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Definition
Genotype:combo of alleles an individual carries
Phenotype:physical expression of genotype |
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Term
| Describe the basic structure of DNA |
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Definition
| Deoxyribonucleic acid. Double helix ladder shape. Legs of ladder made up of sugar and phosphate, rungs are nitrogen based. Bases are made up of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. A/T go together and C/G go together. |
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Term
| Describe the general process of DNA replication |
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Definition
Step 1. DNA unzips
Step 2. Complementary bases match up
Result: Two DNA strands |
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Term
| What are the main differences between mitosis and meiosis? |
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Definition
| Mitosis is cell replication for somatic cells. Meiosis is cell replication of gamete(sex) cells. |
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Term
| Describe the relationship between DNA, amino acids, and proteins |
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Definition
| DNA is the recipe for making proteins, proteins are made up of amino acids. |
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Term
| What are the differences between and structural proteins and genes on the one hand, and regulatory proteins and genes on the other? |
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Definition
Structural genes: responsible for physical characteristics
Regulatory genes: turns genes on and off |
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Term
| Describe the general process of protein synthesis (Transcription and Translation) |
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Definition
Transcription
DNA segment (gene) “unzips”
•RNA bases attach to DNA bases
•Uracil (U)instead of thymine (T)
•U goes with A
Translation
1.Codons attract anticodonsfrom tRNA
2.tRNA leaves its amino acid
3.Amino acids bound togetherProtein synthesis: translationInstructions |
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Term
| What are Hox genes and why are they so important? |
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Definition
| Homeotic genes guide development of an organisms body |
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Term
| How much of the human genome actually codes for proteins? |
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Definition
| Of 3 billion bases only about 2-5% of genome is coding |
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Term
| In terms of genetics what is evolution? |
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Definition
| The variation of gene frequencies over time. |
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Term
| Why is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation important? |
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Definition
| Measures allele frequency in a non evolving population. Indicates what a non evolving populations looks like |
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Term
| Where does variation in organisms ultimately come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is it that only mutations in the gametes are evolutionarily significant? |
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Definition
| The gametes are the sex cells so mutations there are the ones that will be passed on to youth. |
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Term
| Explain how each of the forces of evolution (natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation) can change gene frequencies over time |
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Definition
Natural Selection: Advantageous traits (alleles) allow an organism to survive longer and reproduce, increasing the fequency of the allele in the population.
Mutation: Positive mutations better enable a being to survive longer and reproduce more, negative mutations inhibit a beings ability to reproduce and so are selected out.
Genetic drift: simple bad luck catastrophes can eliminate strains of alleles in a population
Gene flow: Interbreeding between organisms can result in altered gene frequencies in the population. |
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Term
| Why would natural selection vary by environment? |
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Definition
| The traits being selected for are dependent on the nature of the environment |
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Term
| What is the relationship between genetic drift and population size? |
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Definition
| Genetic drift is genetic change due to chance. If a meteor wipes out half a population and most are one type of genotype, all of a sudden another genotype would become more prevalent. |
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Term
| What is the biological species concept?Ecological?Morphological? |
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Definition
Bio:Naturally interbreeding group, reproductively isolated from other groups
Eco: Natural Selection maintains species boundaries
Morph: Distinctive appearance, physical characteristics, evolutionary ID |
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Term
| What is the difference between sympatric, parapatric, and allopatric speciation? How are they similar? |
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Definition
Sympatric: Selection favors different adaptations to a single environ
Allopatric: Geographic speciation followed by genetic divergence
Parapatric: Different alleles favored in different areas of species distribution |
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Term
| What is the difference between gradualism and punctuated equilibrium, and what does each model predict for the fossil record? |
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Definition
Gradualism: Changes occur at a slow steady rate. Natural selection working on large portion of population
Punctuation: Little or no change followed by rapid change. Small portion of population |
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Term
| Why is preservation an issue with understanding the mode and tempo of evolution? |
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Definition
| Two fossils of similar species may be found. One is the ancestor species while the other is a distinct but obviously related successor species. Was it a sudden evolution from one to the other? or were the in between stages simply not preserved? |
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Term
| From a biological standpoint, why is “race” an invalid concept among humans? |
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Definition
| There is little difference genetically speaking between one "race" and another. |
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Term
| What is the difference between growth & development? |
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Definition
growth:size increase
development:progression from immaturity to maturity |
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Term
| How can the intrauterine environment affect the growth & development of fetuses? |
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Definition
| Smoking, drinking, drugs, can have an adverse affect on the mother and therefore the child. |
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Term
| Major stages of human growth and development |
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Definition
| Infancy, Juvenile,Puberty, Adulthood |
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Term
| How does the trajectory of growth & development of the brain, reproductive system, & body differ in humans? |
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Definition
| juvenile and post reproductive stage much longer than in close relatives |
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Term
| Who was Carl von Linné (Carolus Linneaus)? |
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Definition
| father of modern taxonomy, lived 1707-1778, wrote the Systema Naturae. Invented Binomial Nomenclature |
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Term
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Definition
lived 1769-1832 french naturalist
Recognized fossils as extinct animals |
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Term
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Definition
| Wrote Principles of Geology in 1830. Stated change is the only constant |
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Term
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Definition
| Father of genetics, born in Brno Czech Republic, provided mechanism for variation. Pea Experiemnts |
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Term
| who was Georges-Louis Buffon |
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Definition
| Early evolutionist "Species must generate fertile offspring" |
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Term
| who was Jean-Baptiste Lamarck |
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Definition
| 1st explicit evolutionist...Inheritance of acquired characteristics...A will to become better. Believed in Teleological ordering of species |
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Term
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Definition
| Father of Evolutionary biology. Wrote "On Origin of Species" and the "Descent of Man" ...Sailed around the world on the Beagle |
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Term
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Definition
| Geologist. "Changes in earth result from slow processes" |
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Term
| Variations in genetics ultimately come from... |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Where one gene has multiple effects on the organism |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in gene frequencies over a few generations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substantial change over many generations often resulting in a new species |
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Term
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Definition
| Where there is a replacement of a single nitrogen base with another base. This may or may not affect the amino acid for which the triplet codes |
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Term
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Definition
| Where there is only one chromosome instead of the normal two (In women for instance, there is only one X instead of two) |
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Term
| Define Spontaneous Mutation |
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Definition
| Where random changes in DNA occur during cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances, such as toxins, chemicals, or radiation that may induce genetic mutations |
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Term
| Directional selection is... |
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Definition
| Selecting for one allele over another allele causing frequencies to shift in one direction |
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Term
| Balancing Selection is... |
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Definition
| where multiple alleles are selected for in a given population, maintaining genetic polymorphism |
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Term
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Definition
| where alleles that provide advantages for attracting mates are selected for. |
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Term
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Definition
| Random changes in allele frequencies over time |
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Term
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Definition
| the accumulation of random genetic changes in a small population that has become isolated from the parent population due to the genetic input of only a few colonizers |
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Term
| Define biological species concept |
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Definition
| Two organisms that are able to reproduce naturally to produce fertile offspring of both genders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anagenesis, also known as "phyletic change," is the evolution of species involving an entire population rather than a branching event, as in cladogenesis. |
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Term
| Define Sympatric Speciation |
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Definition
| Sympatric speciation refers to the formation of two or more descendant species from a single ancestral species all occupying the same geographic location |
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Term
| Define Adaptive radiation |
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Definition
| the diversification of an ancestral group of organisms into new forms that are adapted to specific environmental niches |
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Term
| Define Punctuated equilibrium |
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Definition
| Long periods of no change in a species punctuated by rapid change |
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Term
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Definition
| A gradual change in some phenotypic characteristic from one population to another |
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Term
| postnatal growth stage is.. |
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Definition
| includes the infancy, childhood, juvenile, puberty and adolescence stages of human development |
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Term
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Definition
| The 5 - 10 year period during and after puberty. Normally between 12 and 20. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of material remains to understand past cultures |
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Term
| Define Cultural Anthropology |
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Definition
| Study and explanation of modern cultural diversity |
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Term
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Definition
| anything verified through observation and experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of hypotheses that have been rigorously tested and validated, becoming generally accepted in the scientific community |
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Term
| Define Great Chain of Being |
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Definition
| he great chain of being), is a classical and Western medieval concept of God's strict and natural hierarchical structure of the universe. |
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Term
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Definition
| evolution and biocultural variation of humans and our living and past relatives |
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Term
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Definition
| study of human languages; how speech is structured and used |
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Term
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Definition
| every person is a product of both biology and culture |
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Term
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Definition
| possible and testable explanation for a specific event |
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Term
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Definition
| preconceived notion about how the way the world is supposed to work |
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Term
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Definition
| the classification of organisms in a system that reflects the degree of relatedness- |
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Term
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Definition
| the doctrine asserting that cataclysmic events (such as volcanoes, earthquakes, and floods) rather than evolutionary processes are responsible for geological changes throughout Earths history |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that processes that occurred in the geologic past still occur today |
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Term
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Definition
| variant of a gene (ex: eye color-blue) |
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Term
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Definition
| allele always expressed if present |
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Term
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Definition
| physical expression of a genotype |
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Term
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Definition
| single celled organisms with no nuclear membranes or organelles and with their genetic material as a single strand in the cytoplasm (lack a nucleus) |
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Term
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Definition
| diploid cells that form the organs, tissues and other parts of an organism’s body |
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Term
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Definition
| complete set of genes in an individual cell |
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Term
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Definition
| adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C); A and T go together, C and G go together |
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Term
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Definition
| the pair of chromosomes that determine and organism’s biological sex |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of cellular and nuclear division that creates two identical diploid daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell that has a full complement of paired chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| the gene that’s determines when structural genes and other regulatory genes are turned on and off for protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| protein involved in the expression of control genes |
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Term
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Definition
| the first step of protein synthesis, involving the creation of mRNA based on the DNA template |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer RNA; the molecules that are responsible for transporting amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| homeotic genes; also known and the homebox genes, they are responsible for differentiating the specific segments for the body such as the head, tail, and limbs, during embryological development |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the condition in which a pair of alleles at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are the same |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of alleles that produce divergence from the average phenotype in a population by selecting against deviant individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to describe changes in population genetics that simultaneously favor individuals at both extremes of the distribution. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the transfer of genetic information between separate populations |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Darwin’s theory of evolution, the process in which only the organisms best adapted to their environment tend to survive and transmit their genetic characteristics increasing numbers to succeeding generations while those less adapted tend to be eliminated |
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Term
| Ecological species concept: |
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Definition
| : defines a species as a set of organisms exploiting a single niche |
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Term
| Morphological species concept: |
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Definition
| Species differ by certain physical characteristics. i.e They look different |
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Term
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Definition
| is evolution that results in the splitting of a lineage |
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Term
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Definition
| an evolutionary process in which one species divides into two because the original homogenous population has become separated and both groups diverge from each other |
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Term
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Definition
| selection and variation that happens more gradually |
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Term
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Definition
| The history or organismal lineages as they change through time |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| biologically: fully adult dentition, all epiphysis fused, sexually maturity |
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Term
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Definition
| he amount of time an organism is dependent on prenatal care |
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Term
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Definition
| age-related decline in physiological/behavioral function |
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Term
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Definition
| # the principle holding that in a warm-blooded animal species having distinct geographic populations.. Individuals living in a cold climate tend to be larger than individuals of that same species living in a warm climate |
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Term
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Definition
| nutrients needed throughout life in small quantities |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle that changes in the form and function of a bone are followed by changes in its internal structure |
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Term
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Definition
| potential for trait inherited, but may or may not be expressed |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| also known as pigment, is a substance that gives the skin and hair its natural color. It also is a mechanism for absorbing the heat from the sun |
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Term
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Definition
| provides calories or energy |
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Term
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Definition
| trait inherited and non-reversible |
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Term
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Definition
| non-genetic adjustments to environmental conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| cessation of fertility within females...around 50yr of age |
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Term
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Definition
| Gene- The basic unit of inheritance; a sequence of DNA on a chromosome, coded to produce a specific protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adaptations- Changes in physical structure, function, or behavior that allows an organism or species to survive and reproduce in a given environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genotype- The genetic makeup of an organism; the combo of alleles for a given gene |
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Term
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Definition
| Recessive allele- An allele that is expressed in an organism’s phenotype if 2 copies are present, but is masked if the dominant allele is present. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosome- The strand of DNA found in the nucleus of eukaryotes that contains hundreds or thousands of genes |
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Term
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Definition
| Eukaryotes- Multicelled organisms that have a membrane-bound nucleus containing both the genetic material and specialized organelles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gamete- Sexual reproductive cells, ova and sperm, that have a haploid # of chromosomes and that can unite with a gamete of the opposite sex to form a new organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nucleotide- The building block of DNA and RNA, comprised of a sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Autosome- All chromosomes, except the sex chromosomes, that occur in pairs in all somatic cells (not the gametes) |
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Term
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Definition
| Karyotype- The characteristics of the chromosomes for an individual organism or a species, such as a #, sixe, and type |
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Term
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Definition
| Meiosis- The production of gametes through 1 DNA replication and 2 cell (and nuclear) divisions, creating 4 haploid gametic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Haploid- A cell that gas a single set of unpaired chromosomes, half of the genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| Structural Gene- Genes coded to produce particular products, such as an enzyme or hormone, rather than for regulatory proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that form an organism’s physical attributes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Translation- The 2nd step of protein synthesis, involving the transfer of amino acids by tRNA to the ribosomes, which are then added to the protein chain |
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Term
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Definition
| mRNA- ( messenger RNA) The molecules that are responsible for making a chemical copy of a gene needed for a specific protein, that is, for the transcription phase of protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| polymorphism- Refers to the presence of 2 or more separate phenotypes for a certain gene in the population |
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Term
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Definition
| Heterozygous- Refers to the condition in which a pair of alleles as a single locus on homologous chromosomes are different |
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Term
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Definition
| Polygenic-Refers to 1 phenotypic trait that is affected by 2 or more genes |
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Term
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Definition
| Coding DNA- Sequences of a gene’s DNA (also known as exons) that are coded to produce a specific protein and are transcribed and translated during protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Gene pool- All genetic info in the breeding population |
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Term
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Definition
| A random change in a gene or chromosome, creating a new trait that may be advantageous, deleterious, or neutral in its effects on the organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Frameshift mutation-The change in a gene due to the insertion or deletion of 1 or more nitrogen bases, which causes the subsequent triplets to be rearranged and the codons to be read incorrectly during translation |
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Term
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Definition
| Trisomy- Refers to the condition in which an additional chromosome exists with the homologous pair |
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Term
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Definition
| Induced Mutation- Refers to those mutations in the DNA resulting from exposure to toxic chemicals or to radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| Binomial Nomenclature- The formal system of naming species |
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