Term
| Principle of the Fixity of Species (Carl Von Linnae) |
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Definition
| Species are unchangeable once they are created. |
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Term
| Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics |
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Definition
| Individuals have certain needs to survive. Needs are met by the use and modification of organs/tissues. Repeated use of organs leads to an enhancement in functional capability and complexity. Changes in the organs that occur during ones lifetime becomes inheritable and can be passed to one's offspring |
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Definition
| In the past, there were a series of catastrophes that caused the extinction of animals in the affected region. Area was repopulated by animals. |
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Term
| Theory of Uniformitarianism |
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Definition
| Process that occurred in the past to shape the earth are the same as those that act today. |
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Term
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Definition
| Publication of Darwin's Book - "On the Origin of Species" |
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Term
| Essay on the Principle of Population |
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Definition
| Relationship between time and quantity. At some point the population will exceed food supply and there will be intense competition for food and the animal population increase will damper. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes occur in pairs in an individual. In the production of sex cells, that pair of genes is separated. Each sex cell has one of the genes. |
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Term
| principle of independent assortment |
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Definition
| Segregation of one pair of genes doesn't influence the segregation of other pairs of genes |
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Definition
| Segment of DNA that codes for a protein. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Set of genes possessed by an individual. |
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Definition
| Physical manifestation of the genotype |
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Definition
| Two copies of the same allele. RR, rr |
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Term
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Definition
| Two different alleles. Rr |
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Term
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Definition
| Expressed phenotypically in both homozygotes and heterozygotes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Only expressed in a homozygous recessive |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-sex cells undergo this |
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Term
| Functions and ultimate functions of Mitosis |
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Definition
| Growth of an organism. Maintenance of organs or tissues in an individual. Production of cells that are genetically identical to parent cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
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Term
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Definition
| Date that Gregor Mendel published experiment results of principle of genetics |
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Definition
| Phase where the Genes are active. Near the end of this phase, the chromosomes replicate. Two chromatids are formed and bound together by a centromere. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase where nothing is going on different from the Interphase part of this form of reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase where Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell independent of each other. spindle fibers attach to the centromeres |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase where centromeres divede. The two chromatids can now migrate to different ends of cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase where Cells divides (end up with two cells) |
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Term
| Results of Mitosis (2 things) |
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Definition
1.)two daughter cells are produced, each with the diploid chromosome number.
2.) Both daughter cells are genetically identical with each other and with parent cell |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes with the same sequence of genes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Constricted portion of a chromosome that holds two chromatids together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Full complement of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Sex cells or Gametes undergo this |
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Term
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Definition
| the function of this is to produce sex cells to transmit chromosomes to the offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase where Homologous chromosomes will align with each other. one strain on each chromatid crosses over - centromeres still present |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase where genes are active in producting proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase where Chromosomes align in center of cell. Homologous chromosomes remain paired with one another. Non- Homologous pairs of chromosomes align independently from one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase where Centromeres do not divide. They are pulled as unit to the sides of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase where cell divides and two cells are produced. Have reduced the number of chromosomes in each cell. |
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Term
| Interphase II and Prophase II of Meiosis |
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Definition
| Two Phases where nothing new is happening from the previous phase |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase where chromosomes align in the middle part of the cell. Alignment of non=homologous chromosomes is independent of one another. Spindle fibers form and attach to centromere |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase where centromeres divide releasing two strains of chromosomes from one another so they can be pulled to opposite sides of cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase where each cell divides so there are four cells total. |
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Term
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Definition
| Paring of homologous chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes only. Only occurs in Meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| One half of chromosomal compliment (number) |
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Term
| Result of Meiosis (2 things) |
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Definition
1.) four cells are produced, each has the haploid chromosome number
2.) Each daughter cell is genetically different from the parent cell and from one another |
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Term
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Definition
| Macromolecule consisting of amino acids that is functional in the body. may consist of 2 or more polypeptides |
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Term
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Definition
| The formation of messenger RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Triplet sequence of nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Triplet sequence of nucleotides that serves to bond a transfer RNA to a codon of mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the only way to introduce new allele variants into a species |
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Term
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Definition
| Change in one nucleotide, arises by an error in replication |
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Term
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Definition
| The position of a gene on a chromosome may be important in its expression. Change in the position of the genes may change its phenotypic expression |
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Term
| Discontinuous Variation (Phenotypic) |
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Definition
| Traits that show only a few phenotypes. Typically controlled by one gene |
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Term
| Continuous Variation (Phenotypic) |
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Definition
| Usually a great variety of phenotype. Polygenic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two or more genes interacting to produce a trait. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formula for calculating the number of genotypes in a polygenic system. A = # of alleles of a gene. G = number of genes we are considering simultaneously. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relative amount of phenotypic variation due to genotypic variation |
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Term
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Definition
| The total store of genes or alleles in a population or species. |
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Term
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Definition
| Community of individuals in which matings typically occur |
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Term
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Definition
| Change in allele frequency over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proportion of a particular allele relative to all alleles of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| Both allele frequencies and genotype frequencies do not change over time if certain conditions are met. Establishes the situation in which evolution will not occur. |
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Term
| Conditions/Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Theorem |
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Definition
1) Assume that there is random mating within a population
2)infinitely large population size
3) No natural Selection
4) No migration (no one leaves/enters)
5) No gene undergoes mutation |
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Term
| Posititve assertive Mating |
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Definition
| Matings between individuals of similar phenotypes and genotypes |
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Term
| Negative assertive mating |
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Definition
| Mating with individuals not related to you. |
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Term
| Four forces or mechanisms of Evolution |
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Definition
| Mutation, Gene Flow, Gentic drift, Natural Selection |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of actually potentially interbreeding organisms that are reproductively isolated from other such groups |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolution due to random factors |
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Term
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Definition
| Change in allele frequency due to sudden reduction in population size |
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Term
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Definition
| Relative reproductive success. |
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Term
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Definition
| Result of natural selection. It is an increase in the frequency of traits in a population or species that allows organisms to survive their environmental stresses |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolution is a continuous process, and natural selection principle in speciation |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolution is a discontinuous process and evolution involves periods of rapid speciation followed by long periods of stasis within a species. it characterizes the mode of orgin of species. |
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Term
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Definition
| The situation in a species or population where there are 2 or more alleles of a gene, and at least 2 of the alleles have frequencies greater than or equal to 1%. |
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Term
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Definition
| situation where there are 2 or more alleles of a gene in a population or species, and at least 2 of the alleles have frequencies equal to or greater than 1%. |
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Term
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Definition
| Base part of DNA Replication but not RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes code for the production of genes proteins that influence the action of other genes |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of Chromosomes in a sematic cell of a human. |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of Cells in chromosome of a chimpanzee |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of sugar, phosphate, and one of the bases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of amino acids there are |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of Codons there are |
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Term
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Definition
| Person associated with the theory of uniformitinarism |
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Term
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Definition
| The codon that replaces Thymine and mRNA |
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