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| Colloquial term for members of the family homindae which includes all bipedal hominoids back to the divergence from african great apes. |
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| Pertaining to the concept that biology makes culture possible and that culture influences biology. |
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| In a quadruped, referring to that portion of the body behind the head; In a biped, referring to all parts of the body beneath the head. |
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| Those hominoids, including the great apes and hominids, as well as all acestral forms back to the time of divergence from small bodied hominoids. |
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| A pattern of evolution in which the rate of evolution in one functional system varies from that in other systems. for example, in hominid evolution, the dental system, locomotor system and neurological system, all evolved at markedly different rates. |
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| bipedal locomotion as the form of locomotion shown by hominids most of the time. |
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| bipedalism as the only form of hominid terestrial locomotion. |
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| all apects of human adaptation, including technology, traditions, language, religion, marriage patterns, and social roles. Culture is a set of learned behaviors; it is transmitted from one generation to the next thru learning and not by biological or genetic means. |
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| pertaining to research that involves mutual contributions and cooperation of several different experts from various scientific fields. |
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| locations of discoveries. |
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| referring to animal remains; in archaeology, specifically refers to the fossil remains of animals. |
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cronos=time metric=measure
a dating technique that gives an estimate in actual numbers of years. |
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| objects or materials made or modified for use by hominids. |
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| study of the sequential layering of deposits. |
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| technique for dating certain archaeological materials that were heated in the past, such as stone tools, and that release stored energy of radioactive decay as light upon reheating. |
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| A colloquial name referring to a diverse group of Plio-Pleistocene african hominids. They are the most abundant and widely distributed of all early hominids and are also the most completely studied. |
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| adapted for cutting or shearing; among primates referres to the compressed (side to side) first lower premolar, which functions as a shearing surface with the upper canine. |
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| a ridge of bone that runs down the middle of the cranium like a short mohawk. jaw muslces. |
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| pertaining to the pliocene and first half of the pleistocene, a time range of 5-1 mya. for this time period numerous fossil hominids have been found in Africa. |
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| a grouping of organisms sharing a similar adaptive pattern. Grade isn't necessarily based on closeness of evolutionary relationship, but it does contrast orgainisms in a useful way. |
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nuchal=pertaining to the neck
A projection of bone in the back of the cranium where neck muscles attach; used to hold up the head. |
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| pertaining to a stone tool industry from the lower and middle pleistocene; characterized by a large proportion of bifacial tools flaked on both sides. |
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| the epic of the cenozoic from 1.8 mya until 10,000 ya. frequently refered to as the ice age, this epic is associated with continental glaciations in northern latitudes. |
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| the portion of the pleistocene epic beginning 780,000 ya and ending 125,000 ya. |
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| the portion of the pleistocene epic beginning 125,000 ya. and ending approx. 10,000 ya. |
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| climatic intervals when continental ice sheets cover much of the northern continents. Reduced rainfall, increased aridity, expansion of deserts. |
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| climatic intervals when continental ice sheets are retreating, eventually becoming much reduced in size. Increased rainfall. |
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| the position of the body in a bent orientation with arms and legs drawn up to the chest. |
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| a cultural period usually associated with modern humans, but also found with some neandertal and distinguished by technological innovation in various stone tool industries. (not in asia) |
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| pertaining to an upper paleolithic industry, found in france and spain, containing blade tools and associated with neandertals. |
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| pertaining to the stone tool industry associated with neandertals and some modern H. sapiens groups; also called middle paleolithic. this industry is characterized by a larger proportion of flake tools than is found in Acheulian tool kits. |
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| pertaining to an upper paleolithic stone tool industry in europe beginning at about 40,000 ya. |
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| pertaining to the final phase of upper paleolithic stone tool industry in europe. |
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| small, chisel like tools with a pointed end, thought to have been used to engrave bone, antler, ivory, or wood. |
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| Complete replacement model |
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| The hypothesis that the first modern humans originated in africa, migrated from africa and completely replaced popultions in europe and asia. this model says NO INTERBREEDING. Doesn't account for a transition from premodern to modern H. sapiens anywhere other than africa. |
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| Partial Replacement Model |
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| The hypothesis that the first modern humans originated in africa, migrated out of africa and interbred with the resident premodern populations. all homonids = H. sapiens. |
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also called regional continuity model
The hypothesis that the first modern humans did not necessarily develop only in africa and assumes that continuous gene flow allowed the human population to evolve together. |
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