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| in biology, the ordering of organisms into categories, such as orders, families, and genera, to show evolutionary relationships. |
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| the phylum of the animal kingdom that includes vertebrates. |
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| animals with segmented, bony spinal columns; includes fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. |
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| similarities between organisms based on descent from a common ancestor |
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| similarities between organisms based strictly on common function, with no assumed common evolutionary descent. |
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| similarities between organisms based strictly on common function, with no assumed common evolutionary descent. |
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| (homo meaning same and plasy meaning growth) The separate evolutionary development of similar characteristics |
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| a traditional approach to classification (and evolutionary interpretation) in which presumed ancestors and descendants are traced in time by analysis of homologous characters. |
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| an approach to classification that attempts to make rigorous evolutionary interpretations based solely on analysis of certain types of homologos characters (those considered to be derived characters). |
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| referring to characers inherited by a group of organisms from a remote ancestor and thus not diagnostic of groups (lineages) that diverged after the character first appeared. |
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| a group of organisms sharing a common ancestor. the group includes the common ancestor and all descendants. |
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| referring to characters that are modified from the ancestral condition and thus are diagnostic of particular evolutionary lineages. |
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| small to medium sized ground-living dinosaurs, dated to approximately 150 mya and thought to be related to birds. |
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| relating to specific character traits shared in common between two life-forms and considered the most useful for making evolutionary interpretations. |
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| a chart showing evolutionary relationships as determined by evolutionary systematics. it contains a time component and implies ancestor-descendant relationships. |
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| a chart showing evolutionary relationships as determined by cladistic analysis. it's based solely on interpretation of shared derived characters. it contains no time component and does not imply ancestor-descendant relationships. |
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| biological species concept |
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| a depiction of species as groups of individuals capable of fertile interbreeding but reproductively isolated from other such groups. |
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| the process by which a new species evolves from an earlier species. speciation is the most basic process in macroevolution. |
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| recognition species concept |
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| a depiction of species in which the key aspect is the ability of individuals to identify member of their own species for purposes of mating (and to avoid mating with members of other species). in theory, this type of selective mating is a component of a species concept emphasizing mating and is therefore compatible with the biological species concept. |
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| ecological species concept |
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| the concept that a species is a group of organisms exploiting a single niche. this view emphasizes the role of natural selection in separating species from one another. |
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| the position of a species within it's physical and biological environment. ecological niches make up an ecosystem. |
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| phylogenic species concept |
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| splitting many populations into separate species based on an identifiable parental pattern of ancestry. |
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| differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species. |
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| within species, variation within the same species. |
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| between species; variation between species |
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| species defined from fossil evidence, often covering a long time span. |
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| the organization of earth history into eras, periods, and epochs. |
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| the movement of continents on sliding plates of teh earth's surface. causes large land masses to move and change drastically. |
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| subdivisions of periods. ie within the cenezoic era epochs include the paleocene, eocene, oligocene, miocene etc. |
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| a type (subclass) of mammal. became widespread in the cenezoic. |
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| having different kinds of teeth; characteristic of mammals. |
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| internal heat, regulate own body temperature |
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| the relatively rapid expansion and diversification of life-forms into new ecological niches. |
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| the concept that evolutionary change proceeds through long periods of stasis punctuated by rapid periods of change. |
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| member of a suborder of primates; suborder prosimii. ex. lemurs, lorises and tarsiers(new evidence challenges this classification) |
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| member of a suborder of primates; suborder anthropoidea ex. monkeys,apes,humans |
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| evolved for a particular function |
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| scientists who study the evolution, anatomy and behavior of nonhuman primates. |
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| grasping, as by the hands and feet of primates. |
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| having a diet of many kinds of foods including plants, meat and insects. |
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| the condition whereby visual images are, to varying degrees, superimposed on one another. causes depth perception (3 dimensional) |
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| vision characterized by overlapping visual fields provided for by forward-facing eyes. essential for depth perception. |
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| two halves of the cerebrum that are connected by a dense mass of fibers. |
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| the more recently evolved portions of teh brain's cortex that are involved with higher mental functions and composed of areas that integrate incoming information from different sensory modalities. |
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| different forms of sensation. 5 senses. |
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| the entire way of life of an organism. |
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| an anatomical term referring to a hypothetical line that divides the boy into right and left halves. |
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| the entire way of life of an organism. |
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| the anatomical term referring to a hypothetical line that divides the body into right and left halves |
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| the elevated portions (bumps) on the chewing surfaces of premolar and molar teeth. |
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| the form of anatomical structures; can also refer to the entire organism. |
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| a group of old world monkeys comprising of several species. ex. rhesus monkeys. most found in india, other parts of asia and nearby islands. |
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| DNA sequences that code for the production of a detectable protein product. |
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| DNA sequences that do not code for identifiable proteins but in many cases influence the actions of coding sequences. |
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| the moist hairless pad at teh end of noses seen in most mammals. enhances smell. |
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| one family of new world monkeys. ex marmosets and tamarins |
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| one family of new world monkeys. (all except marmosets and tamarins) |
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| taxonomic family of all old world monkeys |
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| the subfamily of old world monkeys that includes the african colobus monkeys and asian langurs. |
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| patches of tough, hard skin on the bottocks of old world monkeys and chimpanzees. |
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| period of sexual receptivity in female mammals (except humans), correlated with ovulation. |
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| having a diet composed primarily of fruits. |
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| the group in which animals are born and raised. |
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| the group in which animals are born and raised. |
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| the study of the evolution of behavior, emphasizing the role of ecological factors as agents of natural selection. behavioral patterns increase sexual fitness. |
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| the capacity to change; the ability to modify behaviors in response to differing circumstances. ie. indulging in sexual behaviors, getting pregnant and choosing to have an abortion. |
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| groups that consist of a female, her daughters, and their offspring. |
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| characteristics and developmental stages that influence reproductive rates. ex. age at sexual maturity, length of time between births. |
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| systems of social organization wherein individuals within a group are ranked relative to one another. |
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| pertaining to physiological responses not under voluntary control. |
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| pertaining to amicable associations between individuals ie. grooming |
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| portions of an individual's or group's home range that are actively defended against intrusion. |
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| the portion of a home range containing the highest concentration and most reliable supplies of food and water. |
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| behavior that benefits another individual but at some potential risk or cost to oneself. |
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| member of the same species. |
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| the complex of behavioral patterns that contributes to individual reproductive success. aren't always deliberate and different between males and females. |
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| individuals produce few offspring and put a lot of resources into their growth. |
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| individuals have numerous offspring with little parental care. |
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| a mating system wherein a female associates with more than one male with whom she mates. |
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| viewing nonhuman animals in terms of human motives, experience and capabilities. |
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