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| The Goals of Applied Anthropology |
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Definition
| Advocacy, Policy, Activism |
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| Raise awareness and give voice |
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| Create or improve policies or laws |
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| Create, adapt, or implement a program |
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| rituals that appease supernatural forces, sets of beliefs concerning what we call the soul, notions about life after death |
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| the extraordinary realm outside the observable world, which is non-empirical and inexplicable. |
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| a shared system of myths, beliefs, and rituals dealing with cosmology and the "supernatural" which binds communities of people together |
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| the study of the universe and humanity's place within it |
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| sacred narratives about the universe, the natural and supernatural worlds, and a person's place within them |
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| The use of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary problems |
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| Applied anthropologists often work as part of a multidisciplinary team with experts from other fields |
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| outside experts work in collaboration with local people and include them when setting goals, making decisions, and executing plans, and evaluating success |
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| develop empathy, develop deep understanding, and establish rapport |
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| can see from their perspective and act as a cultural broker |
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| understand how aspects of culture fit together |
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avoid naive realism and recognize the particularities of each culture
to be effective, programs and policies must be culturally compatible |
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| The Cognitive Function of Religion |
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Definition
| to explain the unexplainable |
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| The Emotional Function of Religion |
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Definition
| to give comfort and meaning |
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| The Social Function of Religion |
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| To promote social control |
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| The Community Function of Religion |
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Definition
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| Stages of Ritual Ceremonies |
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Definition
| Separation, Liminality, Reincorporation |
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| The Types of Ritual Ceremonies |
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Definition
| Passage, Intensification, Role Reversal |
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| A shared system of beliefs, symbols, and rituals dealing with cosmology and "supernatural", which binds communities of people together |
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| The belief that people (and other beings) have souls or spirits in addition to physical bodies |
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| The belief in a generalized, impersonal power over which people have some measure of control |
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| Ritual Ceremonies: Separation |
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Definition
| A participant is removed from their normal life |
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| Ritual Ceremonies: Liminality |
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Definition
A participant has an ambiguous social position where normal rules of behavior are suspended, modified, or reversed
During the liminal stage participants tolerate ordeals or perform liturgy |
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| Upon successful completion of the ritual the participant is reincorporated into society often with a new or modified status |
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Serve to transform an individual's social identity
ex) graduation, weddings, prom, fraternity initiations |
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| The bubbling up of collective emotional intensity generated by worship |
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| A state of perceived solidarity, equality, and unity among people sharing a ritual |
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| a socially sanctioned use of behavior that radically violates social norms |
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| Rituals of Intensification |
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| serve to increase group solidarity |
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| Serve to decrease social tension |
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| ideologies: knowledge, science, religion, magic |
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| social and political relationships: marriage, family, kinship, gender, race, ethnicity, class, caste, politics |
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material: environment, biology, economy, technology
the economy: production, exchange |
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| A system of beliefs that involves the manipulation of "supernatural" forces for the purpose of intervening in human activities and natural events |
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| a universal feature of religion |
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| animism: the belief in a soul |
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| a universal feature of magic |
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| animatism: the belief in an impersonal power |
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| an impersonal supernatural force that pervades certain people or things and is believed to confer power, strength, and success |
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| stylized, arbitrary, repetitive, and exaggerated forms of behavior |
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| prohibits certain behaviors or utterances |
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| material objects that embody "supernatual" power that can aid or protect the owner |
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| an inborn, involuntary, and often unconscious capacity to cause harm to other people |
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| the conscious and intentional use of magic to cause harm or good to yourself or others |
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| magic based on the premise that performing a procedure that imitates the desired result will produce the desired result |
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| the belief that things once in contact with a person retain a connection with that person |
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| people or processes that can reveal hidden knowledge about the past, present, or future |
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| the system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources in a society |
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| the way a group of people transform the material resources of their environment into food, clothing, shelter, and other material items |
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| a subsistence strategy that depends on gathering and hunting what can be found in nature |
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| adopting agriculture was a huge step towards progress |
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| adopting agriculture was done only out of necessity or by force (evidence supports this) foraging = better |
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| a cultivation strategy that does not use land intensively, depends on simple nonmechanized technology and human labor (ex: swidden or slash and burn) |
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| a subsistence strategy that relies on herding domesticated animals that eat natural vegetation |
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| the entire group moves with the animals to find pasture |
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| one part of the group moves |
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| the factors or inputs that are required for any production process: land, labor, capital |
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the cultural system that organizes and allocates the means of production
relations of production: the social systems that organize the labor |
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| private ownership of land, resources, and capital |
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Definition
creates incentives:
1. increase efficiency
2. externalize some of the costs of doing business
3. externality: a cost that is not paid by the producer |
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unpaid labor by non-household members
4 reasons: reciprocity, prestige, identity, solidarity |
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1. goods or services move from individuals and families to a center.
2. the goods and services are redistributed to the same people that paid in or to a different set of people
3. can increase equity and ease social tension |
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1. items are bought and sold using money
2. prices are set (in theory) by supply and demand
3. both parties are primarily interested in maximizing their profits (not in the social relationship)
4. both parties will bargain or "shop around"
people pursue their self-interest, but only within a range that is deemed culturally and morally appropriate |
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| exchange between people who are more or less equal |
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| giving with no expectation of return |
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| giving with an expectation of a "fair" return |
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| giving as little as possible and trying to get as much as possible in return |
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1. creates indebtedness and social obligations
2. change the status of the giver and receiver |
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| social functions of gifts |
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Definition
1. to nurture long term relationships
2. to manipulate people
3. to elevate one's own status or to embarrass one's rivals |
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| economic functions of gifts |
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1. people may need social relationships to meet their needs
2. people may use social relations to receive gifts |
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| the active possession of territory by a foreign government |
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| caravel ship allowed sailing into the wind |
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| monocultures creates surpluses |
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| financial standardization |
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Definition
| increased trade led to this |
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Definition
precursors to public corps
- run by directors, but owned by shareholders
- selling shares enabled the accumulation of capital to finance expeditions
- not restrained by moral obligations
- economically "rational" self-interested profit maximizers
- granted unchecked powers |
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| the huge success from joint stock companies allowed for this |
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| colonialism in the americas 1500-1825 |
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Definition
disease wiped out the native population and gave europeans the advantage
native populations never truly achieved independence (descendants of colonizers continue to control the land, economies, and political power) |
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| in 1884 European leaders met and divided Africa amongst themselves, thinking they were doing the colonized a favor |
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| Colonizers reorganized the modes of production |
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| modes of production were moved from subsistence to wealth producing monoculture plantations |
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| exterminate and replace strategy |
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| remove natives and replace them with colonizers and/or slaves |
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| control and exploit strategy |
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| force natives to switch from subsistence agriculture to producing cash crops |
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| a system that allows foreign interests to systematically extract wealth |
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| the availability of food and the ability to access it |
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| restoring local control of the food supply (Goats in Malawi program) |
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| impact, population, affluence (level of consumption), technology (can reduce or increase impact) |
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| heavily populated urban areas characterized by substandard housing and inadequate water, sewer, electricity, and trash service |
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poor nations are underdeveloped and "backward"
they need to repeat the historical development of the wealthy nations
1. improve infrastructure
2. improve agricultural techniques and technology
3. establish capitalistic markets
- result in benefits for rich countries and elites, fail to reduce poverty |
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the elimination of absolute poverty is the principal goal of development aid
loans increase poor residents' access to land, improved but simple farming techniques, basic education, access to: clean water, basic health, sanitation |
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| an economic theory that advocates free trade, free markets, and minimal government involvement or regulation |
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required poor nations to:
1. privatize state - owned enterprises
2. open their markets to free trade (exploit natural resources, reduce subsidies and drop tariff barriers)
3. reduce spending on social programs |
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| based on the idea that economic development will occur if corporations, capital, and products are able to move freely between nations |
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| Multinational Corporations |
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| are thought to be the most efficient agents of economic development |
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| the social and cultural systems that individuals operate within (the rules of the game) |
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| the capacity of individuals to act independently and make their own "free" choices |
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| real benefits of free trade |
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| profits for corporations, innovative and cheap products for wealthy consumers, jobs for some people who really want them |
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| poverty and insecurity for workers, unsafe and toxic working conditions, serious environmental problems |
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| standards lowering competition |
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| creates incentives for countries to have low environmental and worker protection standards, if development occurs, the multinational corps will leave |
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| for programs to be successful they must incorporate local people as leaders and collaborators in every stage of the program |
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| outsiders need to guide natives in specific directions because the outsiders believe that they know what is best and that the natives are ignorant and inferior (WRONG) |
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| incorporates local people as leaders and collaborators in all stages of the projects |
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| attempts to balance and simultaneously pursue economic, social, and environmental goals |
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