Term
| Reading-Speaking in Tongues |
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Definition
| Pentecostals-required for full conversion. Holy ghost. Convince congregation of visit from supernatural-performance. |
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Term
| Reading-Sacred Literature (Islam) |
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Definition
| Qur'an is dictated to Muhammad directly from God. Perfect Arabic. Recitation sacred in Arabic. Non-Arabic speaking Muslims encouraged to learn Arabic and pray in Arabic. |
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Term
| Reading-Five Pillars (Islam) |
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Definition
| 1. Shahadah-testimony (There is no God but God and Muhmmad is his prophet). 2. Salat-prayer (5 times a day). 3. Zakat-Charity (good deeds). 4. Sawm-fasting (Ramadan). 5. Hajj-pilgrimage (to Mecca). Five elements of religious practice that are common to all Muslims. A Muslim is someone trying to fulfill the requirements of these pillars. |
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Term
| Reading- Dietary Rules and Religious practices (Judaism) |
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Definition
| Ritual purity of food-Kosher. Applies directly to preparation and consumption of food. Pray dawn, noon, dusk. Kipah (cap for men), scarf for woman. Circumscision. |
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Term
| Reading-Christian Rituals |
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Definition
| Generally same combination of seven sacraments of Roman Catholic Church. Initiation Rites- Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist (communion). Healing rituals- Confession, Anointing of sick. Vocation-Matrimony, Holy orders (rituals that convey spiritual grace). |
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Term
| The different theoretical approaches to the study of religion in Anthropology |
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Definition
| Intellectual School- Religion as a mental phenomenon. Series of ideas used to interpret the world. Meaning projected onto everyday life. Symbols. Sociological School- Religion as a social phenom. Series of practices and beliefs that set communities apart and bind them together. "Men fashion gods after themselves", Aristotle. Psychological School- Religion as a coping mechanism. Fishing magic. Science and religion. |
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Term
| How can religion ease fears and anxiety? |
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Definition
| Coping mechanism. Ideas and practices that soothe agonies of existence. Sickness: widespread presence of spiritual healing. Death: fear of death allayed by concept of Afterlife. Anxiety: daily problems addressed through faith, prayer. |
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Term
| Characteristics of rituals and rites of passage |
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Definition
| Ritual-1. Sequential actions (Same time and place). 2. Designated Form and Procedure. 3. Formalized Communication with supernatural. 4. No place for non-participants. 5. Seeks to mobilize supernatural. Rites of passage- 1. Separation. 2. Liminality. 3. Reintegration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Innately endowed. Flows unconsciously from the forces of evil. May or may not be intentional. Reversing effects: accused witch must confess. Social explanation for suffering. Community behavior modification- Witch exhibits deviant behavior. Cure involves modification of behavior. Azande. |
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Term
| What can funerals and religious myths tell us about society? |
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Definition
| Funerals- Direct correlation with how we handle the body and how we perceive death. America: put faith in stranger->Science. Others: closest of kin. What is proper respect? Funerals are mirrors of society. Myths- Universal. Transmission oral->written. Cultural performance. Lay out basic human relationships through mythic character development. Deep moral and ethical constructs. Human->God relationship. |
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Term
| Religion, environment, and socioeconomic change |
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Definition
| Individual level: impact ways we interact with one another and economy (dietary laws). Group level: sacred landscapes/places. Complex: Angor wat, Water temples. Religion made developments. Societies that rely upon rainfall. Socioeconomic change-crisis->more religious or more secular. Revitalization movements. |
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Term
| Hallucinogenic Plants and religion |
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Definition
| Set and setting- Set is the basic psychological characteristics of the individual. Setting is the context both pyscological, in which the drug is taken. Setting>set. Petyote-controlled. Set is common. Unified effort. Setting is focused, controlled. Similar experiences. Humans always driven to break with reality. Sometimes needed for full participation. |
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Term
| Membership and boundaries |
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Definition
| Religion component of human identity. Individual and group. Kindred with congregation. Kindred with members of religion. Boundaries are often self-reinforcing. Belief binds people together. Defines non-members (even within a religion). Us and Them. Ex: Yidle in the Middle. Lubavichers. |
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Term
| Proscription vs. Prescription |
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Definition
| Some behaviors outlawed. Other encouraged or required. Pro-tells us not to do something (phrased in negative). Pre-tells to do something (phrased in positive). |
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Term
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Definition
| Moral basis of Jewish community. Observation of scriptural law. Divine source-visible daily habit. Observation of laws-covenant with God. Proscription. |
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Term
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Definition
| Orthodox Judaism. Hassidic (18th c Russion. Judaic mysticism). Very strong in beliefs and are extremely close community. Believe emergence of the messiah is imminent. Bring Jews to Hassidism. 7th Rebbe maybe messiah-but died. Revitalization. Intellect over .... Intense religious study. Strict Kosher. Inner division. Contact with outside polluting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Religious basis of hierarchy. Spiritual charter of class division. Based on concepts of relative attainment and purity levels. Untouchables outside. Food cannot go from low to high caste levels. Religious foundation for persecution and inequality. From Reading- Varna-social class (lit. color). Comes from god Purusha (primal being). Ranked by degree of spiritual purity. Individuals experience position through their jati (birth)-endogamous occupation groups. Jati is a part of a varna. |
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Term
| Boundaries maintained and boundaries dropped. |
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Definition
| External boundaries (neighboring faiths set apart. Rules provide visible expression of differing beliefs-day of worship). Maintained-co existence vs. conflict. Dropped-conversion of one group to new faith (missionary process). |
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Term
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Definition
| Boundary crossing among Amish-Rumspringa. Boundaries blurred as new ideas are assimilated. Shifting shapes of worship (Christian names assigned to african dieties. African religions during, after slaver. Haiti.) |
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Term
| Sources of religions tradition: Divine inspiration or profound spiritual insight |
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Definition
| DI-Moses, Muhammad (message from God) PSI- The buddha. All religions began with a single person. |
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Term
| Types of religious authority (Weber) |
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Definition
| Charismatic, Traditional, or Legalistic. Charismatic-demonstrated ability. Traditional-established lineage. Legalistic-formal training/office. |
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Term
| Saint as a type, examples |
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Definition
| The Role Model- provides example for humanity to follow (Christ, Muhammad, Buddha, Confucious to some extent). The Intermediary- stands between humanity and divinity. Role of Mary in Catholic tradition. Saint Seraphim. |
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Term
| Prophet as a type, examples |
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Definition
| Prophet-Charismatic founders of new religions who base their teachings on the claim of personal revelation. Inbued with divine power. Source of authority. The Messenger- delivers divine message to humanity (Moses, Muhammad). The Reformer- establishes new tradition (ten commandments, five pillars). African-Ngunderg Borg... Joseph Smith. Lubavichers- Rebbe 7 |
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Term
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Definition
| 5 pillars. Returned victorious to Mecca in 632. Words recorded in message from God (Qur'an) Actions set examples for Muslims to follow (Hadiith). |
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Term
| Lines of succession in Islam |
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Definition
| Sunni-legalistic. (formal council, elected on behalf of community. Saudi Arabia). Shiite- direct descendent (Charisma, minority, Iran) |
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Term
| Different types of sacrifice |
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Definition
| Principle of transaction-exchange between realms of humanity and divinity. Principle of substitution- one life offered as sub for another. Test of faith |
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Term
| Lent as a religious rule and form of sacrifice |
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Definition
| Reenacts Jesus' forty day fast and prayer prior to his crucifixion. Abstinence and/or fasting during lent. Abstinence: no meat. Binds all catholics over age 14. Fasting: reduced food intake. Opus dei: Corporal mortication-voluntarily punishing one's own body as a spiritual discipline. |
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Term
| Sacred Places and Pilgrimage |
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Definition
| Landmarks mark stages of Hajj |
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Term
| Islamic Hajj as a rite of passage |
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Definition
| Separation-Journey to Holy land (often takes months. Contemplated for a lifetime. State of consecration (men-no sex, shaving or change of clothing. everyone- wear simple white clothing. all are equal.) Liminal- ritual code of conduct (all actions carefully prescribed. Repeating acts of Abraham and Mohammed. Circle stone, hills, plain, stones. Reincorporation- Final rites, cut hair, final circle, return to heal. Return to society remade. |
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Term
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Definition
| Religious law-moral code based on religious law-sumerian cities. |
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Term
| Separating Religion and Politics |
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Definition
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Term
| City States of the Ancient World |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Authority derives from a divine source- King David |
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Term
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Definition
| Anglican in England. Catholicism in Poland. Position of "tolerance" towards minority. |
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Term
| Theocracies: Characteristics |
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Definition
| Government ruled by God. State religion. (Iran). Political and religious leadership synonymous. Religious law is synonymous with religious law. Holy text is law. Punishment derives from official interpretation of text (courts). |
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Term
| Theocracies: Characteristics |
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Definition
| Government ruled by God. State religion. (Iran). Political and religious leadership synonymous. Religious law is synonymous with religious law. Holy text is law. Punishment derives from official interpretation of text (courts). |
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Term
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Definition
| Secular republics- France (~Catholic) Turkey (~Islamic). Strive to separate interests of Church and State. Low violence. |
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Term
| Tension between Religions |
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Definition
| India becomes secular republic in 1947. Recent emergence of Hindu National Party (Muslim minority). |
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Term
| State Politics towards minority religions |
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Definition
| Accomodation (longstanding American Ideal. Suppression (former American practice with Indians) Persecution (Roman attitude). |
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Term
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Definition
| Gaza strip. 1880s Zionist movement. Creation of Jewish homeland. |
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Term
| Dominion Theology, Reconstruction Theology, Christian Identity: Common belief, shared characteristics. Distinction in approach and methods (violence factor) |
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Definition
| Fundamental critique of modernity, secular culture and politics. In common- hatred of secular government, seek revolutionary changes that will establish a godly social and political order. Dominion-theological positions that Christianity must reassert dominion of God. Reconstruction- movement whose exponents long to create a theocratic state. Christian identity- antisemetic. Apolcalytic view of history. Hold strong conspirital views of government |
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Term
| Relationships to political movements and organizations |
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Definition
| Relationships to hate groups. White identity movements. Tedencey toward violence. Arayan KKK/ Skinghead/ Dominionists. |
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Term
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Definition
| Youth focused. Violence in ministry. Theatrical. Beat people up to save them. Kids on Fire |
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