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| the academic discipline that studies all of humanity from a broad perspective |
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| the investigation of past cultures through excavation of material remains |
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| major subfield of anthropology that studies the biological dimensions of humans and other primates |
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| the subfield that studies the way of life of contemporary and historically recent human populations |
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| a written description of the way of some human population |
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| the notion that one should not judge the behavior of other peoples using the standards of one's own culture |
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| the attitude or opinion that the moral, values, and customs of one's own culture are superior to those of other peoples |
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| the idea that biologically (genetically) inherited differences between populations are important influences on cultural differences between them |
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| theoretical idea that each culture historically develops its own unique thematic pattern around which beliefs, values, and behaviors are oriented |
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| theoretical orientation that analyzes cultural elements in terms of their useful effects to individuals or to their persistence of the whole society |
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| theoretical orientation holding that the main influences on cultural differences and similarities are technology, environment, and how people produce and distribute resources |
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| Interpretive Anthropologists |
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| contemporary theorists who analyze cultural elements by explicating their meanings to people and understanding them in their local context; generally emphasize cultural diversity and the unique qualities of particular cultures |
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| adaptations based on the harvest of then wild (undomesticated) plants and animals |
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| adaptation in which the needs of livestock for naturally occurring pasture and water greatly influence the movements of groups |
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| A method of cultivation in which hand tools powered by human muscles are used in which land use |
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| A system of cultivation in which plots are planted annually or semiannually; usually uses irrigation, natural fertilizers, and (in the Old World) plows powered by animals |
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| the collection of goods or money from a group, followed by a reallocation to the group by a central authority |
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| the transfer of goods for goods between two or more individuals or groups |
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| the giving of goods without expectation of a return of equal value at any definite future time |
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| the exchange of goods considered to have roughly equal value; social purposes usually motivate the exchange |
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| exchange motivated by the desire to obtain goods, in which the parties try to gain all the material goods they can |
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