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| build a friendly host relationship in order to participate in community activities, etc |
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| anthropologists need to collect genealogical data to understand current social relations and to reconstruct history - kin links are often basic to social life |
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| expert on a particular aspect of local life |
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| research strategy focusing on local explanations and meanings |
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| a personal portrait of someone's life in a culture |
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| research strategy emphasizing the ethnographer's explanations and categories |
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| the long-term study of a community, region, society, culture, or other unit, usually based on repeated visits |
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| traditional ethnographic research |
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| focused on a single community or culture - today's field work must be more flexible and encompassing. must study the outsiders (migrants, refugees, terrorists, warriors, tourists, developers) |
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| involves impersonal data collection, statistical analysis, and sampling - draws a sample from a large population |
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| large and populous societies with social stratification and central governments |
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| idea (19th century) of a single line or path of cultural development - a series of stages through which all societies must evolve - talked about independent invention, all cultures eventually came up with the same ideas (false) |
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| idea (Boas) that histories are not comparable; diverse paths can lead to the same cultural result - stressed the idea of diffusion (borrowing from other cultures) |
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| approach focusing on the role of sociocultural practices in social systems |
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| believed that all customs and institutions in society were integrated and interrelated, so that if one changed, others would change as well |
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| 2nd strand of Malinowski's functionalism - humans have a set of universal biological needs such as food, sex, shelter, and so on |
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| advocated that social anthropology be a synchronic rather than a diachronic science - that it study societies as they exist today rather than across time |
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| customs (social practices) function to preserve the social structure - the function of any practice is what it does to maintain the system of which it is a part |
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| Panglossian functionalism |
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| a tendency to see things as functioning not just to maintain the system but to do so in the most optimal way possible, so that any deviation from the norm would only damage the system |
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| view of culture as integrated and patterned. diffusion was not automatic, traits might not be spread if they met environmental barriers or if they were not accepted by a particular culture. |
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| culture has evolved but particular cultures might not evolve in the same direction. |
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| cultural ecology (ecological anthropology) |
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| considers relationships between cultures & environmental variables |
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| Marvin Harris - idea that cultural infrastructure determines structure (social relations, kinship) and superstructure (religion, ideology) |
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| Mead - cultural determinist |
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| viewed human nature as a blank slate on which culture could write any lesson - culture rather than economy, environment or material factors changed the biological evolution. |
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| Leslie White studied particular individuals who excelled & were an integral part of changing history - believed cultural forces were very powerful |
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| the special domain of culture, beyond the organic and inorganic realms - Alfred Kroeber - power of culture over the individual (women's hem lengths) |
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| conscience collectif - based on study of social facts, anthropologists must study something larger than the individual |
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| symbolic & interpretive anthropology |
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| Turner examined how symbols and rituals are used to redress, regulate, anticipate, and avoid conflict |
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| study of symbols within their social & cultural context |
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| Claude Levi-Strauss - human minds have certain universal characteristics that lead people everywhere to think similarly regardless of their society or cultural background (need to classify, relations between people) opposition - examined myths |
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| the actions that individuals take, both alone and in groups, in forming and transforming cultural identities |
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| individuals have diverse motives and intentions and different degrees of power & influence |
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| examined regions & how they all fit together & interrelate |
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| communication systems of nonhuman primates - limited number of vocal sounds or calls |
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| describing things and events that are not present; basic to language |
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| study of communication through body movements and facial expressions |
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| smallest sound contrast that distinguishes meaning |
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| vocabulary; all the morphemes in a language and their meanings |
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| arrangement of words in phrases and sentences |
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| all humans have similar linguistic abilities and thought processes |
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| different languages produce different ways of thinking |
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| set of words describing particular domains of experience |
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| language's meaning system - the ways in which people divide up the world - the contrasts they perceive as meaningful or significant - reflect their experiences |
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| study language in its social context - according to linguistic relativity, all dialects are equally effective as systems of communication - most people have a way of speaking "on the job" and at home |
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| language with high (formal) and low (informal) dialects |
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| identification with an ethnic group |
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| ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis |
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| social statuses based on little or no choice |
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| social status based on choices & accomplishments |
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| intrinsic racism - the valued group is "pure" Japanese who share the same blood - the "not us" should stay that way & assimilation is not encouraged |
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| children assigned to same minority as parent - in US, some states say that children who have a black ancestor, no matter how remote, is classified as black |
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| an autonomous political entity |
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| society sharing a language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship |
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| stratified society with formal central government |
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| ethnic groups are described as "imagined communities" by Benedict Anderson because even when they become nation-states, most of their members will never meet - they can only imagine they all participate in the same unit |
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| absorption of minorities within a dominant culture |
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| society with economically interdependent ethnic groups |
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