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Definition
| Broadest possible interpretation - assume a culture is the sum of its parts (parts cannot be analyzed seperately) |
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Definition
| To view the beliefs and customs of other peoples within context of their culture, not one’s own. |
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Definition
| group-centered. Tendency to see one’s own culture as center of everything |
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Definition
| Gathering and writing down data about cultural systems |
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Definition
| Explains behavioral differences and similarities in terms of natural selection – Darwinian Fitness |
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| Large brain, diurnal (day and night) eyes, flat face, flexible limbs, helpless young, structured culture |
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| Tell what kind of person you are |
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| Large complex brains, stereoscopic color vision, prehensile hands/feet with opposable thumbs, flexible limbs, single birth |
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Definition
| African Mountain Gorilla studies |
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| Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics |
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Definition
| Outdated theory - Species have a “will” that enables them to recognize that some environmental change has taken place and to carry out the proper adaptive actions. |
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Definition
| Record of change in rock layers over time |
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| Earth 20-30 million years ago |
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Definition
| Earth’s environment – wet, moist, spread of temperate and tropical forest |
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| Earth 5-15 million years ago |
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Definition
| Dry, arid; forest turns to savanna or plains. Many primates become extinct except those who adapt to ground life. |
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| Faces that jut forward (not flat) |
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| Earliest, most complete hominin found |
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Definition
| the group consisting of modern humans, extinct human species and all our immediate ancestors |
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| the group consisting of all modern and extinct Great Apes (that is, modern humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and orang-utans plus all their immediate ancestors). |
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Definition
| Homo Erectus's elaborate toolmaking |
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| stocky, muscular,care for sick/elderly, make art |
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| Even more complex toolmaking than homo erectus |
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| Anatomically modern Homo Sapiens |
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Definition
| 300,000 y/a; Face flatter, make microliths (tools to harvest grass) |
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| Women's evolutionary role |
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Definition
| Do most food gathering, female choice in mating, social centrality as mother |
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Definition
| change in the frequency of a gene variant (allele) in a population due to random sampling. |
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Definition
| Member of one population mates with member of another population; alleles transferred from one group to another |
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Definition
| group of actually or potentially interbreeding individuals who are reproductively isolated from other such groups. |
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Definition
| results from geographic separation causing genetic isolation |
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| Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
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Definition
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Definition
| Clear distinctions between sexes that are not reproduction-related |
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Definition
| Sex is biological, gender is psychological |
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Definition
| Study of disease patterns |
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Definition
| uniform flakes struck from prepared core to make a tool. First example of mass production. |
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Definition
| to attach a wooden handle or shaft to a stone or bone point |
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Definition
| Outdated theory of a relatively sudden – apparently revolutionary – emergence of language, consciousness and culture in our species |
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Definition
| Modern human culture with bone tools |
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Definition
| Geographic distribution gradient of traits |
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Definition
| Populations that have been isolated from each other but have not become truly separate species |
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Definition
| Marriage within own culture |
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Term
| Cultural Resources Management |
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Definition
| Protect historical/cultural sites from developers. Includes scientific and office aspects. |
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Definition
| people follow animals' migration, learn to herd |
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Definition
| Humans traveled to North America over Bering Strait. Disproved. |
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Definition
| Smallest item of analysis of an artifact |
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Definition
| relationship of each artifact/feature in space and time |
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Definition
| nature of the chronology and spatial relationship between two objects |
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Term
| Law of Crosscutting Relations |
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Definition
| Any feature that intrudes into a deposit must be younger than the deposit which it intrudes |
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Definition
| learned culture absorbed in the course of daily practical living |
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| behavior having most but not all characteristics of culture |
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Definition
| tool that has not been modified |
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Definition
| portion of brain involved in conscious thought, spatial reasoning, and sensory perception |
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Definition
| Collective interpretation of and response to the natural and cultural environments in which a group of people lives. |
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Definition
| to arrange systematically. To put into words and other symbols. |
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Definition
| Psychic distress caused by the strains of adjusting to a different culture or different behaviors. |
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Definition
| interpreting archaeological data through the observation of analogous activities in existing societies |
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Definition
| age of one item compared to another |
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Definition
| Gives a specific year or range of years for age |
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Definition
| Uses the decay rate of a radioactive material |
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Definition
| Once an item is diffused, it is adapted by the society borrowing it and becomes a part of their culture. |
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Definition
| rapid diffusion under the influence of a dominant society |
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Definition
| Rapid and extensive culture change generated from within a society |
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Definition
| outdated concept of cultural evolution that claims all societies pass through the same series of stages, from savagery to civilization |
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Definition
| outdated concept of cultural evolution that claims major cultural advances were made by one or a few societies and spread from there to all other societies. |
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Definition
| proposed small number of early cultural centers from which cultural traditions spread in ever-widening circles to encompass and influence other societies |
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Definition
| • American school of cultural evolution that rejected any general theory of culture change but believed that each society could be understood in reference to its particular history. |
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Term
| Garbage Project in Tucson |
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Definition
| accumulating data on resource management behaviors such as recycling, purchases, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
Christian religious sect founded in Moravia (part of present day Czech Republic)
Now found in North America (Amish, Mennnonites, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| study biological species, and sometimes closely related nonhuman species (apes) |
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Term
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Definition
| study species’ unique ability to create ideas, behaviors, technologies, and share them |
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Term
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Definition
| study language as a human characteristic, explain differences between 3000 existing languages |
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Definition
| study relationships between artifacts and cultures that manufactured and used them |
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Term
| 4 subfields of anthropology |
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Definition
| Cultural, Biological, Linguistic, Archaeology |
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Term
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Definition
| the presence of acknowledged differences in social status, political influence, and wealth among the people within a society |
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Term
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Definition
| Farming using human labor and simple tools |
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Definition
| Subsistence based on the herding of animals |
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Term
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Definition
| giving with no expectation of equivalent return |
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Term
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Definition
| giving with expectation of equivalent return |
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Term
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Definition
| try to get the better end of the deal (bargaining) |
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Term
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Definition
| money is used for exchange in place of goods and services; operates on a supply-and-demand basis with profit motive for suppliers |
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Definition
| central collection of surplus goods and their dispersal to people in need of them by centralized authority |
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Definition
| system of socioeconomic stratification in which strata are closed and person’s membership is determined at birth |
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Definition
| system of stratification in which strata are open and a person may move to a different stratum |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a society that strives for equal distribution of goods and services through the use of recognized, often temporary, status differences |
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Definition
| gathering by data by living for an extended time with members of another society |
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Definition
| actor oriented (insider view) |
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Definition
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Definition
| giving away goods to prove wealth; a way of doing battle that redistributes goods |
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Definition
| production of commodities or services for sale in marketplace |
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Definition
| products are made and services rendered within families; do not have monetary value |
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Definition
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Definition
| Morphological male who does not fill a society’s standard man’s role (nonmasculine, effeminate) |
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Definition
| opposite-sex sibling's kids (i.e. mother's brother's child). In many cultures, considered ideal for marriage. |
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Definition
| serves same functions as family organization but involves more people and more complex interactions. Band, tribe, state, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| socially approved use of power |
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Term
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Definition
| No institutional authority, small, nomadic, social pressure |
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Definition
| Culturally distinct population. No formal government; however more effective regulatory systems than bands |
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Definition
| Authority limited to chief - no hierarchy of power |
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Definition
| Hierarchical, centralized form of political organization. Based on formal, codified law |
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Term
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Definition
| circle = female, triangle = male |
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Definition
| Husband’s group compensates family of bride for right to marry bride |
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Definition
| Women's inheritance taken into marriage |
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Definition
| arbitrarily assigned (adoption) |
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Definition
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Definition
| Material objects believed to embody “supernatural” power that can aid or protect the owner |
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Definition
| a system of ideas and rules for behavior based on supernatural explanations |
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Definition
| possession of supernatural powers by people, animals, places, objects. |
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Definition
| Belief in multiple gods; found in societies that interact more personally with nature |
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Definition
| Belief in a single all-powerful God; found in industrial societies |
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Definition
| Full-time specialists who train for their profession. Religious knowledge. |
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Definition
| part-time, supernaturally chosen religious specialist who can manipulate the supernatural |
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Definition
| use of ritual and paraphernalia to compel or manipulate the supernatural to act in desired ways |
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Definition
| one wife goes back to her family, causing resentment between them and her husband |
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Definition
| eating of human flesh from members of one’s own society |
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Definition
| acting to benefit others while disregarding one’s own welfare |
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Definition
| idea that human behaviors have a biological basis with minimal influence from culture |
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Definition
| idea that behaviors are almost totally the result of learned cultural information, few or no instinctive responses |
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Definition
| Explanation, validation, integration |
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Definition
| Social movements often of a religious nature, purpose of totally reforming society |
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| Cultural reproduction theory |
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Definition
| Students resist school; they are then forced into marginal roles for life |
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Definition
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Definition
| Western New Guinea; kuru and endocannibalism |
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Definition
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| Criteria for evaluating success of species |
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Definition
| Reproduction and Longevity |
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Definition
| most frequent measure of progress; ethnocentric |
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Definition
Grassroots initiative started in 1998
Kichwa Indian artisans with American researcher |
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Definition
| Hallowed stories that express fundamental cultural values |
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Definition
“Global Village” or “Modern world system”
Encompasses entire world
Based on technological advancements |
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Term
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Definition
Improvement in quality of humanlife
Achieving adequate levels of economic consumption |
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