Term
| what is the prominent subcutaneous thing in shin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is gerdy's tubercle? |
|
Definition
| distal attachment of IT band on superolateral surface of tibia |
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|
Term
| which end of tibia is smaller? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what/where is fibular notch? |
|
Definition
| facet on distal tibia for articulation with fibula |
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|
Term
| what is the medial malleolus? |
|
Definition
| distal projection on tibia for articulation with talus |
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|
Term
| what attaches to posterior intercondylar area of tibia? |
|
Definition
| posterior cruciate ligament |
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Term
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Definition
| rough diagonal ridge on posterior tibia for attachment of soleus |
|
|
Term
| what are nutrient foramens? |
|
Definition
| little holes in bones for passage of arterie |
|
|
Term
| where are grooves for tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus? |
|
Definition
| on posterior aspect of medial malleolus |
|
|
Term
| what is function of fibula? |
|
Definition
| muscular attachment (not weight bearing) |
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|
Term
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Definition
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|
Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does lateral malleolus do? |
|
Definition
| articulates with talus, helps stabilize ankle joint |
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Term
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Definition
| shallow groove on posterior lateral malleolus for passage of fibularis longus and brevis tendons |
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|
Term
| describe position of lateral malleolus relative to medial malleolus |
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Definition
| lateral malleolus is more prominent, posterior, and distal than medial malleolus |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 tibiofibular joints? |
|
Definition
| distal tibiofibular, proximal tibiofibular |
|
|
Term
| what type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of joint is the distal tibiofibular? |
|
Definition
| fibrous: helps maintain ankle stability |
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|
Term
| what joins the shafts of the tibia and fibula? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 7 bones: calcaneus, talus, navicular, medial/intermediate/lateral cuneiforms |
|
|
Term
| how many metatarsals are there? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how many phalanges are there? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| there are 2 whats below the 1st metatarsal head? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what covers the talus almost completely? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the trochlea of the talus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the head of the talus articulate with? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| why are there small holes on neck of talus bone |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what can occur if neck of talus is broken? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what do medial and lateral posterior tubercles of talus do? |
|
Definition
| provide groove for flexor hallucis longus, which passes through on its way to insert on plantar surface of distal phalanx of hallus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the subtalar joint? |
|
Definition
| where calcaneus artericulates with talus superiorly |
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|
Term
| what does the calcaneus articulate with anteriorly |
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Definition
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|
Term
| achilles tendon inserts onto posterior aspect of which bone? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| where is the calcaneal tuberosity |
|
Definition
| the bottom part of the heel that you step on |
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|
Term
| what is the medially projecting boney shelf of the calcaneus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the sustentaculum tali support? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what joint is the sustentaculum tali a part of? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the path of the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus in the foot |
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Definition
| passes between medial and lateral tubercles on posterior aspect of the talus then passes beneath the sustentaculum tali and inserts into distal phalanx of the hallux |
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|
Term
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Definition
| cube-shaped tarsal on lateral side of foot, articulates posteriorly with calcaneus and anteriorly with base of 4th and 5th metatasals |
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|
Term
| where/what is the fibular sulcus? |
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Definition
| on inferior surface of cuboid; groove for passage of fibularis longus tendon |
|
|
Term
| describe path of fibularis longus tendon in the foot |
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Definition
| comes from lateral side and will then scoot over to medial side to act like a sling for the foot |
|
|
Term
| what type of joint is the ankle joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what articulations are involved in the ankle joint? |
|
Definition
| articulation between distal tibia and fibula with talus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| at ankle joint, made by tibia and fibula |
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|
Term
| what part of talus fits into mortise of ankle joint? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| which part of trochlea of talus is wider and how does this affect ankle stability? |
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Definition
| anterior part is wider, meaning that when anterior part of trochlea is in mortise (in dorsiflexion), the ankle is more stable |
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|
Term
| which muscles produce dorsiflexion of the ankle? |
|
Definition
| anterior compartment muscles |
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|
Term
| which muscles produce plantarflexion of the ankle? |
|
Definition
| posterior compartment muscles, some from lateral group |
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|
Term
| why is the movement of the ankle joint complex? |
|
Definition
| medial and lateral malleolus aren't straight on |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 lateral ankle ligaments? |
|
Definition
| anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular |
|
|
Term
| how are the anteior talofibular, calcaneofibular, and posterior talofibular ligaments positioned in relation to one another? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, and posterior talofibular ligaments arise from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, and posterior talofibular ligaments? |
|
Definition
| they become tight to prevent you from rolling your ankle by over-inverting |
|
|
Term
| what is the most commonly injured ankle ligament? |
|
Definition
| anterior talofibular ligament |
|
|
Term
| when is the anterior talofibular ligament injured? |
|
Definition
| when someone lands with foot plantarflexed and inverted, talus becomes instable (bc it's in plantarflexion), and easily rolls causing disruption of the lateral ligaments |
|
|
Term
| what are the medial ankle ligaments? |
|
Definition
| anterior tibiotalar, tibionavicular, tibiocalcaneal, posterior tibiotalar |
|
|
Term
| what are the medial ankle ligaments collectively referred as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which set of ligaments is stronger, lateral or medial ankle ligaments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during hypereversion, what happens to deltoid ligaments in children vs. adults? |
|
Definition
| children tear ligaments during over eversion, adults will break medial malleolus bc tendons are so strong |
|
|
Term
| what is the action of the anterior compartment muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the action of the lateral compartment muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the common fibular nerve come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does common fibular nerve do after branching from sciatic nerve? |
|
Definition
| courses around head of fibula (vulnerable to injury) and divides into 2 branches: superficial fibular and deep fibular |
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|
Term
| superficial fibular nerve innervates which compartment? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| deep fibular nerve innervates which compartment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the anterior compartment muscles? |
|
Definition
| tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, fibularis tertius |
|
|
Term
| what is the action of the tibialis anterior? |
|
Definition
| powerful dorsiflexor of foot |
|
|
Term
| what innervates tibialis anterior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the action of the extensor hallucis longus? |
|
Definition
| extends hallux (picks up big toe) and dorsiflexes foot |
|
|
Term
| what is the innervation to the extensor hallucis longus? |
|
Definition
| deep fibular nerve L5, S1 |
|
|
Term
| what is the action of the extensor digitorum longus? |
|
Definition
| extends digits and dorsiflexes foot |
|
|
Term
| what is the innervation to the extensor digitorum longus? |
|
Definition
| deep fibular nerve L5, S1 |
|
|
Term
| what is the action of the fibularis tertius? |
|
Definition
| dorsiflexion and everts foot |
|
|
Term
| what is the innervation to the fibularis longus? |
|
Definition
| deep fibular nerve L5, S1 |
|
|
Term
| describe the extensor expansion |
|
Definition
| long extensor tendons insert into the extensor expansion on the dorsum of the digits, lumbricals and interoosei insert into the exansions and assist/balance movement |
|
|
Term
| describe the superior extensor retinaculum |
|
Definition
| superior to the malleoli, binds long extensors to prevent bowstringing, made of thickened crural fascia |
|
|
Term
| describe inferior extensor retinaculum |
|
Definition
| Y shaped band of thickened crural fascia; attaches laterally to calcaneus and surrounds tendons of extensor digitorum longus and fibularis tertius |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 muscles on the dorsum of the foot? |
|
Definition
| extensor hallucis brevis, extensor digitorum brevis, dorsal interossei |
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|
Term
| describe the extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis |
|
Definition
| muscles arise from calcaneus and insert into the extensor expansion; assist with toe dorsiflexion; innervated by deep fibular nerve |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| when muslces in the anterior compartment of the leg become weakened or paralyzed |
|
|
Term
| how do patients with drop foot compensate? |
|
Definition
| steepage gait = hyperflexion of hip to raise leg/foot during swing phase of gait |
|
|
Term
| how do you hear a drop foot? |
|
Definition
| patients have an audible slap when their foot hits the ground |
|
|
Term
| injury to what nerve causes drop foot? |
|
Definition
| common fibular nerve or deep fibular nerve |
|
|
Term
| injury to what part of what bone can traumatize the common fibular nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 muscles in the lateral compartment? |
|
Definition
| fibularis longus, fibularis brevis |
|
|
Term
| describe path of fibularis longus tendon in the foot |
|
Definition
| passes through cuboid or fibular groove and inserts into medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal base |
|
|
Term
| where does fibularis brevis insert? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the action of fibularis longus and brevis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what innervates fibularis longus and brevis? |
|
Definition
| superficial fibular nerve L5, S1 |
|
|
Term
| what is the superior fibular retinaculum? |
|
Definition
| band of crural fascia that courses from tip of lateral malleolus to calcaneus which helps bind down fibular tendons |
|
|
Term
| what is inferior fibular retinaculum? |
|
Definition
| band of fascia from the lateral surface of the calcaneus to superior surface of calcaneus the helps superior fibular retinaculum bind down fibular tendons |
|
|
Term
| describe path of common fibular nerve |
|
Definition
| courses around head of fibula, divides into deep and superficial branches |
|
|
Term
| describe path of deep fibular nerve |
|
Definition
| travels with anterior tibial artery and supplies all anterior compartment muscles and extensor digitorum brevis, terminates as cutaneous nerve between 1st and 2nd toes |
|
|
Term
| describe path of superficial fibular nerve |
|
Definition
| from common fibular nerve, supplies lateral compartment muscles and then pierces crural fascia in distal leg as medial and intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerves |
|
|
Term
| what nerve provides cutaneous innervation between 1st and 2nd toes? |
|
Definition
| deep fibular nerve, L4 L5 |
|
|
Term
| what nerve provides cutaneous innervation to most of the dorsum of the foot? |
|
Definition
| superficial fibular nerve L4, L5, S1 |
|
|
Term
| what nerve innervates lateral cutaneous side of foot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nerve provides cutaneous innervation to medial side of leg and foot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe path of anterior tibial artery |
|
Definition
| pierces interosseous membrane, courses with deep fibular nerve and vascularizes anterior compartment, crosses ankle and becomes dorsalis pedis artery |
|
|
Term
| describe path of dorsalis pedis artery |
|
Definition
| from anterior tibial artery, divides into arcuate artery which makes a superficial arch in foot and then gives rise to deep plantar artery which pierces 1st dorsal interosseous muscle and goes into plantar aspect of foot |
|
|
Term
| what is the farthest pulsating artery from the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where can the pulse of the dorsalis pedis artery be palpated? |
|
Definition
| just lateral to extensor hallucis longus tendon |
|
|
Term
| what is the innervation to knee extensors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the innervation to knee flexors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the innervation to inverters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the innervation to everters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the innervation to hip flexors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the innervation to hip exensors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the innervation to dorsiflexors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the innervation to plantor flexors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the arteries of the hip joint |
|
Definition
| medial and lateral circumflex arteries, acetabular branch of obturator artery |
|
|
Term
| what is the result of trauma, thrombosis, or laceration that results in avascular necrosis of the hip? |
|
Definition
| severe degenerative joint disease that may require joint replacement |
|
|
Term
| what are common etiologies of avascular necrosis of the femoral head? |
|
Definition
| trauma, alcoholism, long-term systemic steroid use |
|
|
Term
| what happens when the femoral head has avascular necrosis? |
|
Definition
| sclerosis of the femoral head, femoral head can collapse and cause shortening of limb |
|
|
Term
| what is legg-calve-perthes disease? |
|
Definition
| spontaneous avascular necrosis of femoral head that occurs in children (mostly boys) ages 3-11, can lead to degenerative joint disease later in life |
|
|
Term
| what is congenital hip dislocation? |
|
Definition
| baby is born with femoral head not in acetabulum |
|
|
Term
| how common is congenital hip displacement and is it more common in boys or girls? |
|
Definition
| 1:1000, boys more common thangi girls |
|
|
Term
| how would a radiologist determine the presence of congenital dislocation? |
|
Definition
| by utilizing the position of the tri-radiate cartilage and the femur |
|
|
Term
| what are hilgenreiner's horizontal line and perkins vertical line? |
|
Definition
| lines to create quadrants about the developing acetabulum and hip joint |
|
|
Term
| in which hip quadrant should the developing femoral head be found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what should acetabular index be in a normal hip? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| line between obturator foramen and medial aspect of femur (curved) |
|
|
Term
| what 2 tests rule out congenital hip dislocation? |
|
Definition
| ortolani's maneuver and barlow's maneuver |
|
|
Term
| describe ortolani's maneuver |
|
Definition
| examiner lifts and abducts thigh to bring femoral head from its dislocated position into the acetabulum - causes a clunk when head re-seats into acetabulum |
|
|
Term
| describe barlowe's maneuver |
|
Definition
| barlowe test discovers instability in non-dislocated hip; baby's thigh is adducted with gentle downward pressure. Dislocatable hip would be felt as head slips out of acetabulum |
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