Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which method groups species based on a common ancestor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which method groups species based on physical similarities? |
|
Definition
| Evolutionary systematics. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Trait similarity due to a common ancestor. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Trait similarity due to a common function. |
|
|
Term
| What did Lamarck contribute? |
|
Definition
| He said giraffes stretch their necks during life then pass on the acquired characteristics to offspring. He was wrong. |
|
|
Term
| What did Darwin & Wallace contribute? |
|
Definition
| Giraffe populations have a range of neck lengths, and the best traits for conditions are selected and passed on to offspring. They were correct. |
|
|
Term
| What did Lyell contribute? |
|
Definition
| He contributed the concept of Uniformitarianism. |
|
|
Term
| What did Gregor Mendel contribute? |
|
Definition
| He had many pea plant genetics experiments. |
|
|
Term
| What did Linnaeus contribute? |
|
Definition
| He classified organisms (taxonomy). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Culture is learned and transmitted by non-genetic means. |
|
|
Term
| What is applied archaeology? |
|
Definition
| For example, Cultural Resource Management (CRM). |
|
|
Term
| What is biocultural evolution? |
|
Definition
| Biology and culture interact to affect evolution. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Incorporating all aspects/perspectives. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process of learning cultural values of a society. |
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Term
| These primates include the ringtails who use scent marking and the Indrii who use sound for group contact. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| These primates famously use sound for group contact. |
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Definition
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Term
| These primates use sight for group identification, because they have very recognizable individualized faces. |
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Definition
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Term
| These primates are usually on the ground during the day, and babies ride on their mothers' backs like jockeys on a horse. |
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Definition
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Term
| These primates give a genital display, which is the ultimate threat against intruders. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are reproductive cells called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for a sequence of DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This process ends with two daughter cells with the full number of chromosomes. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This process ends with four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the regular number of chromosomes in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is fitness, in the evolutionary sense? |
|
Definition
| The relative reproductive success of individuals. |
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|
Term
| TRUE/FALSE: Chimpanzees and bonobos can communicate using sign language and arbitrary symbols and can spontaneously acquire language. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The variation of populations of peppered moths in northern England, from a majority of white to a majority of black individuals in the population during the Industrial Revolution is an example of what? |
|
Definition
| Fitness and natural selection operating on existing variation of traits within a population. |
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Term
| All New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini) have this retained trait (no other type of primate). |
|
Definition
| A dental formula of 2.1.3.3. |
|
|
Term
| Which two concepts do the Modern Synthesis of the Theory of Evolution combine? |
|
Definition
| The role of variation in a population and the role of natural selection. |
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Term
| What is the correct pairing of bases in DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA uses the correct pairing of bases in order to... (2 things). |
|
Definition
| Replicate itself and create proteins. |
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|
Term
| Why is sexual reproduction so important for the process of evolution? |
|
Definition
| It is the largest source of trait variation within a population, producing different combos of traits for offspring. |
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|
Term
| In most primates, what can grooming indicate? |
|
Definition
| Dominance/submissions and/or affiliation. |
|
|
Term
| Why are infectious diseases on the rise? |
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Definition
| Mostly due to overuse of antibiotics and also over-crowding in mega-cities. |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a heterozygous genotypes. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What do grasping hands and feet and enhanced vision help with? (3 things). |
|
Definition
| Adaptation to arboreal living, hunting by vision, and focus on fruits. |
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Term
| Baboons are well adapted to terrestrial quadrupedalism. What do you expect the length of their arms and legs to be? |
|
Definition
| All four limbs are expected to be about the same length. |
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|
Term
| What reasons do researchers give for the aggressive encounters between chimpanzee groups? |
|
Definition
| The aggressors were defending/expanding their territory, and to do this they had to kill other group's members. |
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|
Term
| What is the common names of the primates in Strepsirhini? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the common name for Haplorhini? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monkeys, apes, and humans. |
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Term
| What are the Platyrrhini? List some traits. |
|
Definition
| The New World Monkeys (howler monkeys, marmosets, etc). Broad nostrils, 2.1.3.3. dentition, and they are the only monkeys with prehensile tails. |
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Term
| What are the Catarrhini? List some traits. |
|
Definition
| Old World Monkeys, apes, and humans. Narrower nostrils, downward facing nose, and 2.1.2.3. dentition. |
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|
Term
| What are the Cercopithecoidea? |
|
Definition
| Just the Old World Monkeys (baboons, Japanese macaques, etc). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Apes and Humans (orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, bonobo, and humans)! |
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Term
| List some traits of the orangutan. |
|
Definition
| They live in Asia and they are brachiator. |
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|
Term
| List some traits of the gorilla. |
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Definition
| They live in Africa, they eat plants, and they are a knuckle-walker. |
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Term
| List some traits of the chimpanzee. |
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Definition
| They live in Africa and much time is spent in the trees, they are omnivorous, inquisitive, have a long childhood, live in large groups, they groom, they are sight-oriented and thus they are able to recognize faces. |
|
|
Term
| What is a prehensile tail? |
|
Definition
| A grasping tail; often used as another hand. Only some New World Monkeys have this trait. |
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|
Term
| What is the definition of a theory? |
|
Definition
| A theory is a broadly accepted hypothesis that has been well tested against existing data. |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of adult acclimatization? HINT: Humans are the only ones able to do this. |
|
Definition
| Short-term physiological responses such as sweating or tanning. |
|
|
Term
| What is genetic mutation a source of? |
|
Definition
| New genetic traits in an organism. |
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|
Term
| What is a derived trait shared within the Strepsirhini? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the four major subfields of anthropology. |
|
Definition
| Biological, archaeology, socio-cultural, and linguistic. |
|
|
Term
| Sickle-cell anemia is a monogenic, codominant trait. What does this mean? |
|
Definition
| The genotype is based on the coding at a single locus, and heterozygotes express both alleles in their phenotype. |
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Term
| Height, weight, skin colour, eye colour and most visible characteristics that characterize humans are what? |
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Definition
| Continuous, polygenic traits, often additionally influenced by the environment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The alternative forms of a gene, coding for different versions of a trait. |
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|
Term
| Pencils used by humans for writing, sharpened sticks used to spear small animals by chimps, and stones used to crack nuts by chimps and capuchins are examples of what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is sexual dimorphism (in primates)? |
|
Definition
| A marked difference in the body size of males and females, related to sexual reproductive group structure. |
|
|
Term
| Give the classic example of biocultural evolution. |
|
Definition
| The retention of lactose intolerance in human populations with a long history of consumption of fresh milk products. |
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|
Term
| Why do anthropologists study modern primates? |
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Definition
| They provide a winder range of hypotheses for possible behaviour of our ancestors, since we are a part of the same biological continuum and they are the living species most closely related to humans. |
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|
Term
| What is the definition of Evolution? |
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Definition
| Evolution is the change in the genetic structure of a population from one generation to the next. |
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|
Term
| What is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation used to predict? |
|
Definition
| The distribution of alleles in a population under ideal conditions, to see whether the allele frequency is changing. |
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|
Term
| What does the amount of sunlight and Vitamin D production have a relationship with? |
|
Definition
| Skin colour variation in different populations. |
|
|
Term
| How do paleospecies differ from biological species? |
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Definition
| Paleospecies are defined from fossil evidence, and may be based on individuals living at very different times, instead of contemporaneous interbreeding populations like biological species. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| It is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, and is a sub-topic of zoology. |
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Term
| TRUE/FALSE: Primate specialists interested in ethology would include direct observation of primate group interactions in a natural setting in their study. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where were the world's first TRUE cities, ca. 5500-5200 years ago? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is probably the oldest hominin found (dating 6-7mya)? |
|
Definition
| Sahelanthropus tchadensis. |
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Term
| What did people start to do during the Mesolithic tradition (in relation to their diet)? |
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Definition
| They began to widen their diets to include shellfish, fish, birds, nuts, and other plant products. |
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|
Term
| What is Uniformitarianism? |
|
Definition
| It is the theory which states that geological forces operating in the past are the same as those operating today. |
|
|
Term
| Where were the preserved volcanic ash footprints of Australopithecus afarensis found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TRUE/FALSE: Neandertals were premodern/archaic Homo sapiens populations who lived in East Asia. |
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Definition
| FALSE! Neandertals were indeed premodern/archaic Homo sapiens populations, but they lived in Europe and West Asia. |
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|
Term
| What primate locomotive habit is an adaptation to dense forests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TRUE/FALSE: The slow transition of bipedalism first began in early Homo/Homo habilis. |
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Definition
| False - it occurred much earlier, likely in the Australopithecines. |
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Term
| TRUE/FALSE: Increased encephalization is a general trend in hominin evolution. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The appearance of cave and rock art during the upper Paleolithic is important because it is evidence for what? |
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Definition
| Imagination, visual communication, and perhaps a belief in the supernatural. |
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Term
| Name all three of the types of chronometric (absolute) dating methods. |
|
Definition
| Dendrochronology (tree-ring dating), radiocarbon (C14) and potassium-argon (K-Ar). |
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|
Term
| What are polygenic traits? |
|
Definition
| They are continuous and governed by genes at more than one loci. |
|
|
Term
| Civilizations are usually characterized by the development of cities, complex economic relationships, and what? |
|
Definition
| Social status differences, especially between the rulers and the common people (social stratification). |
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Term
| What is the theory that holds that there was a rapid transition in African populations, who then migrated through the rest of the world, with no interbreeding with other populations outside of Africa? |
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Definition
| The Complete Replacement Model. |
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|
Term
| The earliest clear evidence of deliberate disposal of the dead, as seen at the site of Atapuerca (the "Pit of Bones") is associated with what species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Mousterian tool tradition and the Levallois technique of the Middle Paleolithic were found where? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The gradual growth in power of individuals who take control to direct community projects has been suggested as one possible cause for the origin of civilzation. What is this an example of? |
|
Definition
| Integrative Mechanisms Explanation.* |
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|
Term
| 13,000 year old human skeletal remains on Santa Rosa island, only accessible via water, and the Pacific coast with a mild climate and the rich resource of kelp forests, supports what theory of people coming to the New World? |
|
Definition
| The Pacific Coastal Route model. |
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|
Term
| Which species existed for the longest period of time (nearly 2 million years) and was the first human ancestor to leave Africa? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Hominoid species were most diverse and plentiful during what period. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TRUE/FALSE: Homo heidelbergensis is thought to be the ancestor of Neandertals, Homo sapiens, and anatomically modern humans. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is adaptive radiation? |
|
Definition
| It is the relatively rapid expansion and diversification of life forms into new ecological niches. |
|
|
Term
| TRUE/FALSE: In environments with less sunlight, like Canada, a lack of Vitamin D resulting in rickets can be the result of not enough UV radiation penetrating the skin, due to high melanin levels in darker skin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Pueblo people, who lived in the American Southwest, built what kind of complex at the site of Chaco Canyon? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A male Neandertal skeleton found at Shanidar Cave which exhibited healed cranial and upper limb fractures is argued to provide evidence for what? |
|
Definition
| Compassion and elder care. |
|
|
Term
| TRUE/FALSE: Gliding and brachiation is found in the order Primates. |
|
Definition
| False. Primates can't glide.. |
|
|
Term
| The first hominin species to habitually produce and use stone blades, bone tools, ornaments, symbolic painted images, and sewn clothing was...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Kebarans of the Near East were Epipaleolithic forager-collectors focusing on what kinds of food? |
|
Definition
| Wild cereal grasses, nuts, and small game hunting. |
|
|
Term
| TRUE/FALSE: Data for the Asian origins of the first Americans include the existence of the land bridge of Beringia from 75-45 thousand years ago and 25-11 thousand years ago. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What major plant crop was domesticated in the Near East and then adopted in Europe, Egypt, and South Asia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TRUE/FALSE: Homo sapiens can be characterized by an occipital bun. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TRUE/FALSE: Neandertals did not interbreed with Homo Sapiens. |
|
Definition
| False - Neandertals did interbreed with Homo Sapiens and they are most closely related to modern European populations. |
|
|
Term
| TRUE/FALSE: Biological remains of Homo sapiens, Homo heidelbergensis, and Homo neaderthalensis have been found in Europe. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the first domesticate? |
|
Definition
| THE DOGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG WOOOF. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Genotypic and phenotypic changes in plants and animals due to human selection for specific traits. |
|
|
Term
| What is scheduling (in relation to food)? |
|
Definition
| Timing food collection trips to match seasonal availability. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collecting food when moving across a landscape. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Human behaviour encouraging growth and reproduction of any plant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Planting, tending, and collecting domesticated plants. |
|
|
Term
| TRUE/FALSE: Maya is an example of a New World Civilization. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A northern landmass exposed by Ice Age glaciation. |
|
|
Term
| What tool type do scrapers, hand-axes, and perforators belong to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do ziggarats and palaces with huge engravings of warrior kings originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do massive royal tombs filled with bronzes, jade, and human sacrfices (later replaced by clay figures) originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Portable objects made or modified by humans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More recent deposits are on top of older ones. |
|
|
Term
| What are features (archaeologically)? |
|
Definition
| Non-portable human-modified objects or components of archaeological sites. |
|
|
Term
| What is archaeological association? |
|
Definition
| Objects found together in the same layer or pit were deposited at the same time and are the same age. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the relative sequence of deposits to give relative age. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| He was a young Homo erectus specimen. |
|
|
Term
| TRUE/FALSE: A. africanus was a gracile australopith. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which species was associated with island dwarfism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the Oldowan stone tools? |
|
Definition
| They are the earliest stone tools. |
|
|
Term
| What are the Acheulian stone tools? |
|
Definition
| They are bifacially flaked hand axes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An archaeological site with the earliest Homo erectus outside of Africa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An archaeological site of Homo erectus in China. |
|
|
Term
| What characterizes Mesolithic tools? |
|
Definition
| Geometric microlithics made into composite tools. |
|
|
Term
| Mammals owe their success to what (as a group)? |
|
Definition
| Learning and flexible behaviour. |
|
|
Term
| What famous East-African site was excavated by the Leakeys to reveal the earliest stone tool assemblage, and has a long sequence of well-dated hominin biological and cultural remains? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Scholars who work in teams to study human ancestors are called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ ________are populations that can interbreed and produce fertile offsping; _____________ are defined from fossil evidence, and may or may not interbreed. |
|
Definition
| Biological species; paleospecies. |
|
|
Term
| What time period is characterized by big game hunting, use of blades, spears, sewn clothing, "twined" cloth objects (as seen in Venus figurines), and cave paintings? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one trait that is still restricted to humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is genetic drift most likely to occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Paleo-Indian Overkill Hypothesis suggests that the Holocene megafaunal extinction was the result of what? |
|
Definition
| Increased predation by humans. |
|
|
Term
| TRUE/FALSE: There is more genetic variation in Africa than in the rest of the world, supporting a partial or complete replacement model. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "Lucy," "Selam," and "The First Family" are all examples of this species. |
|
Definition
| Australopithecus afarensis. |
|
|
Term
| What are the main research objectives of archaeology? |
|
Definition
| To explain past trends and causes, as well as describe specifics and analyze past behaviours. |
|
|
Term
| TRUE/FALSE: A state is synonymous with a city or a class. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A state refers to a governmental entity that politically controls a territory and has the authority to settle disputes. |
|
|
Term
| TRUE/FALSE: Greater encephalization is an anatomical indicator of bipedalism. |
|
Definition
| False - repositioning of the foramen magnum, a basin-shape pelvis, parallel toes, and foot arches are anatomical indicators of bipedalism. |
|
|
Term
| What is a common consequence of food production and increasingly dense and permanent settlement? |
|
Definition
| Decline in nutrition and health, increased risk of infectious disease, and emergence of a social and economic hierarchy. |
|
|
Term
| During what period did Homo sapiens stop hunting and gathering? |
|
Definition
| TRICK QUESTION KIDDOS: They never stopped hunting and gathering. |
|
|
Term
| In primates, large molars, strong jaws, and a sagittal crest would suggest a diet based on what? |
|
Definition
| Hard objects like nuts and grains.* |
|
|
Term
| TRUE/FALSE: Ornaments, cave paintings, and sculptured figures are types of Upper Paleolithic art. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TRUE/FALSE: The peoples of Star Carr in ancient England had a fairly broad diet in which deer and other animals were important and a semi-sedentary lifestyle, seen as a typical type of Mesolithic pattern in inland Europe. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This species had its maximum cranial breadth just below the ear. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This group was the most robust hominin of all and had a massive sagittal crest. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is the first clealy bipedal species. |
|
Definition
| Australopithecus afarensis. |
|
|
Term
| This species had the biggest brow ridges of any hominin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This species had the greatest encephalization of any hominin species. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This species had a bun-shaped occipital bone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This species has a vertical forehead. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This group was between being quadrupeds and bipeds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This species had the first arched brow ridges. |
|
Definition
|
|
