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| Population in thousands, perhaps millions; large dense urban residence and industry. A complex of institutions; a stratified society. The most complex and centralized form of social organization. Welath and political power closely associated. |
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| An organization of non-elected officials of a governmental organization who implements the rules, laws, and functions of their institution. |
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| the main producer of a particular good or service. Ex., if Sumer was the only exporter of obsidian in the Mesopotamian region. |
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| The land or district behind a coast of the shorline of a river or, specifically, the inland region lying behind a port, claimed by the state that owns the coast. These areas were very important because that's where foot is grown. |
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| of higher tank, status or value |
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| lower in rank or poisition |
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| Earliest African example occurred in the Lower Nile partially due to the fertile silt, water, and agricultural potential of the Nile area. In the Indus Valley there were two great cities: Harappa and Nohenjo-daro. These cities date to 2600-1900 BC (period is known as the Harappan culture) |
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| An independent or autonomous entity whose territory consists of a city which is not administered as a part of another local government. Mesopotamia is the first area with city/states. |
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| Were often pilgrimage destinations for a large amounf of the population. |
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| 5500BC, prebronze age culture that hasn't been extensively excavated and consisted of farming villages which were linked together. Halafrian pottery was distributed throughout the region and was found in northern Mesopotamia sites like Nineveh |
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| Died out because of loss of aridity. 5300-4100BC. The archaeological record shows that Arabian/Ubaid period came to an abrupt end. Increased aridity led to an end in semi-desert nomadism, and there is no evidence of human presence in the area for approx. 1000 years. |
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| Generally uses an extensive network of canals to bring water from rivers or lakes to land for the purpose of watering farmland |
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| Headed by a king and had two categories of people - free and slaves. A large number of cuneiform tablets have been discovered. They are though to have a wide ranging trade network because of how far their obsidian and lapis lazuli reached. Sumerian pottery was also extensive and they were a sedentary population that focused on agriculture. |
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| Mesopotamian Mortuary patterns |
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Definition
| There is a shift from burial beneath homes in earlier Mesopotamia to community graveyards. Burial goods have been included with both types of graves and archaeologists believe that as the quality of grave goods increases, so does the stature of the person within the community |
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Term
| African environments (6) (size) |
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Definition
| Tropical rainforest, savanas, sub-desert steppe, desert, mediterranean, montane. The continent is larger than the US, China and Australia combined. |
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| Cultural response to climatic fluctuations (Africa) |
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Definition
| over the past 14,000 years there have been over 30 major climate events. African people have responded with population movement, technological innovation, socio-political changes, ideological developments and a variety of food-production strategies. |
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| African plant domesticates |
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Definition
| Oil Palm, False Bannana, Cowpea, Pearl and finger millet, Sorghum, lentils, chick peas, figs, onions, melons, rushes, flax, papyrus, emmer wheat, barley. |
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| African animal domesticates |
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Definition
| Sheep, goats, swine, cattle, ducks, geese, pigeons, bees |
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| External trade as an impetus to African state formation? |
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Definition
| Argument that trade led to an increase in distributable welath which placed the power in the hands of those who controlled trade. This is the most popular explanation of the formation of African states. |
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Definition
| Perspective and actions that move ideas, objects and techniques from a place of invention to people beyond its periphery. Assumes people aren't fundamentally innovative. |
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| the assumption that there is a fundamental innovativeness among people which causes them to invent materials without help of diffusion from other cultures. |
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| North of Egypt which has an extensive river delta |
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| Civilization without cities? |
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Definition
| Ancient Egypt was thought to be a civilization without cities but this isn't true. Population centers existed as early as the 4th millenium BC and later towns were walled, brick build and had high population density. |
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| invention permitting the transfer of water from the river to irrigation features |
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Definition
| found and opened King Tut's tomb. |
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| center of Africa's first black state |
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Definition
| Sumerian city in modern Iraq. Eridu was considered the earliest city in Souther Mesopotamia |
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Definition
| Sumerian site along the Euphrates river spanning 4000 to 3100BC. Uruk played a leading role in the early urbanization of Sumer in the mid-4th millenium BC. At its height C 2900BC, Uruk probably had 50-80k residents living in 6km^2 of walled area; making it the largest city in the world at the time |
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| Amratian culture. Greek name means city of the hawk which its ancient name is Nekhen. Population estimated at several thousand people. Evident seperation of classes and semisubterranean mud brick houses. |
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Definition
| important Sumerian city/state located near the Euphrates and with the ruins of a large Ziggurat. This was the most centralized bureaucratic state the world had yet known and Ur was a major urban center on the Mesopotamian plain. |
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Definition
| middle Nile, developed similarly to Egypt but at a slower pace |
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| city in Nubia founded in 3rd millenium BC, center of black Africa's first state |
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Definition
| Nubian pyramids which resemble non-royal New kingdom Egyptian pyramid tombs, were built 800 years after the last royal pyramid in Egypt |
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Definition
| Ethiopia. Aksumite culture dates from 1st millenium BC until 7th century AD. Mixed agricultural economy, minted their own coins, participated in the Red Sea trade, and one of the first states to adopt Christianity |
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Definition
| discovered at Ur and commonly labeled as a "queen", her status is somewhat in dispute. Grave has a high quantity of grave goods and 52 attendents who were buried with her. |
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Definition
| excavated the grave of Queen Shub-ad as well as the Ur site in general. He discovered many tombs of Sumerian royals but the queens was the most elaborate. |
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Definition
| involved using behavior of contemporary people to model the behavior of prehistoric groups. |
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| Neolithic village. Excavation began in the 50' and the village was extensively excavated. Located along the Huang River and has roughly 100 homes some of which were square (these were likely larger communal gathering buildings) and circular (many subterranean and 3-5 meters squared). Corrals and storage pits were located among the houses, which were plastered with clay and straq and had centrally located interior fire pits. A "defensive" ditch surrounded the village. Had bone hoes and weights for digging sticks. |
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Term
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Definition
| the origins of rice are not well known. Evidence shows that rice was domesticated by 6500 BC and it appears throughout China. Suggested areas of domestication are the Yangtze Valley and possibly to the west on the Indian peninsula. |
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Definition
| primary crop of the people of Ban-po-ts'un |
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Definition
| there is evidence silk was produced at Ban-po-ts'un because of spindle whorls, bone needles, and cloth impressions |
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Definition
| used to weight the thread so that it is easier to bring together and spin |
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| indirect evidence for basketry and matting |
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Definition
| there are impressions of basketry and weaving at the Ban-po-ts'un site. |
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Definition
| China. 3000-2000BC increasing political complexity as well as an increased population, economic specialization and use of scapilimancy. by 4th and 3rd millenia BC there were large defended centers associated with cemeteries containing wealthy graves. Wealthy graves has as many as 200 offerings present. |
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Definition
| form of divination based on the interpretation of cracking patterns on hated bone. |
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Definition
| turtle plastron (underside of the turtle shell) used for scapulimancy |
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Term
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Definition
| the attempt to gain insight into a question by way of an occultic standardized process or ritual. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2205-1766 BC. First hereditary dynasty, had 17 rulers. Was a transitional period between the Neolithic and Shang dynasty with bronze having an increasing importance |
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Definition
| 1766-1122 BC. An-yang was the last capitol city (as well as a large ceremonial and administrative center) and has the most information for archaeologists. Famous for bronze work and had monumental architechures as well as highly stratified society. LArge population with the majority being lower class farm workers or slaves who grew millett, wheat and rice. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1122 BC to 3rd century AD. Beginning of imperial China and lasted for the next 2000 years. Highly stratified society with the king and court at the top. Semi-feudal lords took care of administration for towns. Political power was determined by lineage affiliation. |
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Term
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Definition
| 221-207BC Grew from the weakening Zhou polity. Emperor Shih Huang Ti unified China in 221 BC and rules Xianyang. He built the great wall and a sumptuous tomb for himself. Destroyed feudal culture and tried to eliminate Confucian teachings. |
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Definition
| 206BC-AD220. Qin was weakened by the costs of territorial expansion and unification so Han took over. This period had a dense population and continued as a stable and unified empire. Has the most extensive empire and administration ever known. |
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Definition
| where the tomb of Shih Huang Ti was built. 46 meters and conceived as a universe in miniature. The county's rivers were reproduced in mercury which is a problem for excavators. Best known part of the tomb has the "guardians" |
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Term
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Definition
| warriors were found in the gallery area of the Mont Li tomb. When excavations were first made some warriors had fallen over. |
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Definition
| codified the Chinese legal system, standardized the Chinese language, and focused on building roads. Tomb took 36 years to build. |
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Term
| Chinese bronze metallurgy |
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Definition
| highly developed technology with formal workshops as well as molds for mass-production of arrow points and bronze vesels |
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Term
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Definition
| pictograph symbols with many characters. Early Chinese writing focused mostly on ritual, political andmilitary subjects. Some of the first writing is on animal bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Indus Valley was home to several civilizations and research has determined that initial occupation occurred around 26000 years ago. The foundations of these societies are in the Mesolithic period because they have a visible occupation level with stone tools and there is also evidence of broad spectrum subsistence hunting and gathering. Between 6500BC and AD 500, South Asia experianced a series of changed to the social and economic organization of its human inhabitants. |
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Definition
| Pakistan. Another early urban site in the Indus alley that is also Harappan. Excavated by Marshall in 1922. Bronze age civilization with an upper level cluster of civic and religious buildings and a lower residential area set out in a grid pattern. There is a possible granary and a public bath as well as hundreds of homes laid out in a grid pattern, some of which were two stries tall. This is the best preserved city of the Indus civilization and at its peak covered as much as 494 acres. |
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Definition
| Early sites were locatedin prime agricultural areas or strategically along trade routes which suggests a local development sequence. |
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Definition
| Pakistani site with large, rectangulat granaries which act as surplus storage for the city and cover only 371 acres. Each of the mounds have been found to be foritifed and there is a central depression near one set of mounds that may have help water. |
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Definition
| Pakistani village with solid evidence that food-producing villages were established on the western flanks of the Indo-Iranian plain by 6500BC. Regional center of ceramic manufacture as well as copper artifacts and those of local shell and stone. Earliest occupation of the site from 6500 to 6000 BC as preceramic. Dead were buried in formal cemeteries. Excavated by Marshall in 1922. |
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Term
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Definition
| believed Indus civilization had "benefitted from a diffused idea of civilization". He proposed an origin in Burma. Sir Mortimer Wheeler accused the Hindu god Indra and his followers, the Aryans (elements of Arian culture already present) and invasion for the end of the Indus cities. |
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Definition
| discoverer of the Indus civilization in the early 20th century. There were no known prescedents of the civilization |
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Definition
| prehistorian who looked for precedents to the Indus Civilization in Baluchistan |
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Term
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Definition
| the meaning and language are controversial. There are about 2700 inscriptions of which the meaning is unknown. No single inscription is longer than 26 signs so it is impossible to identify repeating sign patterns |
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Definition
| carved stones that are an element of Harappan Culture |
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Term
| Chlorite, Lapiz, Lazuli and Serpentine |
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Definition
| imported stones which were important for Indus material culture |
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Definition
| an area in the Pacific Ocean encompassing Polynesia, MElanesia, and Micronesia. An area in which settlement of islands occured through time using what we would consider to be primative navigation methods. |
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Term
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Definition
| Australian prehistory represents an independent trajectory within the Pacifc Basin. Initial colonization by humans occured 50000 BP. Environmental changes from warmer/moister to drier/more variable |
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Definition
| environmental changes from warmer/moister to drier/more variable. Complete cessation of fishing around 1800BC. Rising sea levels turned the Tasmanian peninsula to an island. |
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Definition
| Tasmanians created substantial rock art of which little now survives. They abandoned the practice, probably necause of changes in territory size and residential locations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tasmania had a complete cessation of fishing around 1800BC. Rhys Jones set the date and viewed this as "economic maladaption". Harry Allen suggested that the change was driven by the need for fat rich foods- fish did not have hte same fat content that seals or sea birds would have |
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Term
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Definition
| set the date for the end of Tasmanian fishing, and viewed the reason for the cessation of fishing as "economic maladaption" |
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Definition
| Suggested that the reason for the cessation of Tasmanian fishing wasthe need for fat rich foods. |
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Term
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Definition
| agricultural systems were based on the drainage of swamps, at least in the highlands. They cultivated yams, bananas and sugar cane. Absence of cereal grains and domesticated animals. Probably only small and scattered farming populations. Pigs were introduced around 1000BC by Austronesians. |
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Definition
| language group that first colonized on Tiwan. By 3000BC they had an agricultural way of life that spread for the next 2000 years through the Philipines, eastern Indonesia, and western Pacifc. |
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Definition
| distinctive sand or shell tempered pottery that spread across roughly 6500 km of ocean and islands from north New Guinea to as far as Polynesia. |
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Term
| Outrigger Canoe, Double canoe |
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Definition
Polynesian canoes. The outrigger is believed to have been invented around 2000BC while double canoes were probably not invented until the 1st millenium AD. Double canoes served as stages for hand to hand combat.
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Definition
| one of the most famous Polynesian islands and was settles around AD900. This island offers one of the best known examples of social collapse in Pacific prehistory. |
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Definition
| monumental sculptures of the type from Easter Island |
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Definition
| Aimed to show that Polynesia had been settled by Tiwaniku people from Bolivia. Heyerdahl led an expedition to Easter Island in 1955-56 to prove that it was possible for South Americans to make the journey. |
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Definition
| the belief that significant technological, economic, and cultural changes spread from othe rlands and were not independentally invented. |
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Definition
| rice, pigs, dogs and possibly chickens, yams, bananas and sugar cane |
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Definition
| Greece. Evidence of the introduction of agriculture into Europe. After 7000BC domesticated plants and animals were present. Inhabited from ca22000 BP |
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Definition
| Occupied from 8770-8460 BC by hunter gatherers. Its importance derives from the fact that the site became waterlogged and excellent preservation resulted. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Bulgaria. A cemetery site along the Black Sea Coast. Discovered in 1972. There were 211 graves identified but an estimated total of 280 graves because roughly 1/4 of the graves were destroyed before excavation. The development of cemetery burial suggests a means of promoting greater social integration. |
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Definition
| A grave without a body. It is believed that cenotaphs memorialize the death of a person who dies away from Varna and who may be buried elsewhere. |
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Definition
| "lake dwellings". France. Discovered in 1906 and initially thought to have been built on pilings in a lake because polings were seen when lake waters receded. However, lake levels are higher now than during the Neolithic. The site was excavated from 1972-1986 by the University of Grenoble using SCUBA and underwater archaeological techniques. The recovery on wooden beams used in house construction has provided the basis for European dendochronology. |
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Definition
| Discovered in 1991 in the Italian South Tyrol near the border of Austria and Italy and the recovery of the body damaged the remains. Radiocarbon dated to 3300-3200BC. He was a 25-45 year old and had been shot in the back with a flint point projectile and also had a defensive wound across his right palm. He wore tubular underclothing as well as a grass cape and shoes stuffed with grass. |
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Term
| What are the three categories of Megaliths? |
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Definition
Menhir- large standing stones that are single or multiples arranged in a linear pattern.
Henge circles- these are defined by an enclosure, usually a ditch or bank; some henges were wooden
Tombs- the earliest megalithic tombs come from Brittany and are dated to approx. 4000BC. There are three types of tombs. |
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Term
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Definition
-Dolmen- Grave with a stone laid across with and then a cap stone. Considered "single chanber"
-Gallery Grave- There is no size difference between the burial chamber itself and the entrance passage. Two parallel walls of stone slabs were erected to form a corridor and covered with a line of cap stones.
-Passage grave- consists of a narrow passage made of large stones and one or multiple burial chambers covered in earth or stone. |
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Definition
| England. Construction apparently required a 1500 year period, from 3000 to 1500BC. Stonehenge was a large ceremonial structure that may have been an astronomical computer. |
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Definition
| Developed around the middle of the 6th millenium BC in Western Hungary and spread across the whole of central Europ. Bandkeramik cultures are characterized by the pottery that gives the culture it's name, longhouses of fairly standardized construction, polished stone adzes, and single grave burials sometimes grouped in cemeteries. |
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Definition
| Germany. A Bandkeramik settlement from the late 6th millenium BC and has a pit called the "death pit" |
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Definition
| First indications of a political geography appear from 700-480 BC across a broad band of central Europe from Burgandy to Bohemia. Whether these centers are stimulated by contact with the Mediterranean worls or are idigenout to central Europe is unclear. |
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Definition
| Denmark. One of the largest Bronze age barrows in Denmark. Almost 9 meters high with a diameter of 40 meters. Three burials were identified and all were in oak coffins. The central coffin contained a man lying on a cowhide cover; his woolen clothing was preserved as was his body. A young man (20ish) was buried with a bronze dagger. A 50-60 year old woman was buried with a bronze shield, dagger, bracelets, and finger rings. |
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Term
| Mediterranean environments |
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Definition
| Mediterranean climate has wet winters and dry summers. There are fertile/arable lands in the west and arid environments in the east. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cretan Bronze age developed by 2000BC |
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Term
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Definition
| "discovered" Knossos in 1894 and excavated there from 1900-1935. Created the name "Minoan" for the Cretan Bronze Age. Evans thought that Minoan civilization emerged under the influence of the Egyptian civilization |
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Term
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Definition
| First Brone Age palace erected around 3000BC and a series of palaces were built one over the other as culture developed and became more complex. The palace directed religious and administrative functions and has large surplus storage areas. Directed a wide ranging trade system for a variety of raw materials that was the foundation of wealth and power for the Minoan state. |
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Term
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Definition
| Suggested a diffusionist view about Minoan civilization, believed that most of the significant technological, economic, and cultural changes throughout the Mediterranean and Europe were spread from SW Asia. |
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Definition
| Proposed tat we should look for causative factors of the Aegean's complex Bronze Age in the Aegean itself. |
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Definition
| Located in S Greece in the area known ad the Peloponnese. Tombs found here belonged to the formative era of Mycenean culture (1600BC) and the tombs ranged from palin chambers to tholos "bee hive" tombs |
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Term
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Definition
| excavated Mycenae in the 1870's and associated the fortified citadel with Homer's Illiad. Found Mycenae because he believed the Illiad to be historical fact. |
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Term
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Definition
| Golden (burial) face mask that Schiemann believed to be Agamemnon himself. |
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Definition
| Levantine people based along the coast of Lebannon. Long distance seafaring and farming were cultural features. Phoenician cities were centers for craft production and were particularly admired for their glass and ivory. There was alot of interaction between the Phoenicians and the Greeks. the "Greek alphabet" was borrowed from a Phoenician moden in 8th century BC. |
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Definition
| Most important Phoenician site, located on the N Coast of Tunisia. |
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Definition
| England. Associated with Celtic culture and also one of the largest keeps (hilltop fort). First occupied as a neolithic camp but in 500BC fortifications were built as a single wall (univallate- one wall). The hilltop served as a residential site as well as a storhouse for the rich surrounding farmlands. Est. 4000 people lived there. The final defenses built included three concentric embankments and two ditches (multivallate- multiples walls) |
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Definition
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Definition
| excavated Maiden Castle from 1934-1937 |
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Definition
| France. Iron Age hill fort (oppidum) associated with a lower cemetery. Held remains of a "princess" and showed evidence of trade with Greeks among the Celtic elite. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 35 year old woman buried with many exotic goods (namely Greek) and abronze headed staff, which was presumed to indicate authority |
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Term
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Definition
| a latin word meaning the main settlement in any administrative area of Ancient Rome. |
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Term
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Definition
| The archaeological open air museum. Kiskupin is an archaeological site and a life-size model of an Iron AGe fortified settlement in north-central Poland. |
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Term
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Definition
| language is not Indo-European and their roots lay in the later prehistoric communities of Eturia. External contact with Phoenicians and Greeks is clearly a factor in cultural development. |
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Definition
| Necropolis with shaft and tholos constructions as well as rows of rectangular tombs. Etruscan culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Painted tombs which are large shaft tombs. Etruscan culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bogs were sacred places to early Iron Age societies. Many people were sacrificed and then placed into the bogs. The Tollund man has a garrote around his neck; died around AD1, and his body was excellently preserved. Tollund man, excavated by P.V. Glob in 1950, was executed in the Spring, possibly as a part of fertility rites. |
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Term
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Definition
| 120 mile stone and mortar construction that corsses Northern England from Leeds in the west to Newcastle upon Tyne in the east. It was once the northern edge of the Roman Empire while Scotts occupied the area to the north. |
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Term
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Definition
| England. One of the fort settlements, a Roman military "town" at the edge of the empire. Excellent preservation. First example of a woman's handwriting is aid to be recovered on a wax tablet for a midden |
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Term
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Definition
| Vindolanda has excellent preservation because of the temperate climate and the fact that materials were discarded into the deep, water filled moat. Wet sites have excellent preservation while some archaeologists estimate that in terrestrial sites only 10% of cultural materials are preserved. |
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Term
| Direct Historical Approach |
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Definition
| Archaeologists could use the material culture of an existant group to trace it into prehistory. |
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Term
| PRofessional organizations in archaeology |
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Definition
| Serve to bring the membership together, set standards for research and reporting and conduct. |
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Term
| American Institute of Archaeology |
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Definition
| 1879. PRomotes classical archaeology and provides a list of field school opporunities. Publishes Archaeology (magazine) |
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Term
| American Anthropological Association |
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Definition
| Major organization for all Anthropologists, meets annually to present research and discuss matters of interest. Publishes American Anthropologist |
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Term
| Society for American Archaeology |
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Definition
| 1934, serves archaeologists serving in the Americas. Annual meetings serve as a forum for fieldwork. Publish American Antiquity, Latin American Antiquity |
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Term
| Society for Historical Archaeology |
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Definition
| This society addressed problem areas, like the adherence to standards in fieldwork, responsible curation of artifacts, and relations between archaeologists and their contractual obligations. Publish Historical Archaeology |
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Term
| Southeastern Archaeological Conference |
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Definition
| Regional organization that meets once a year. Publish Southeastern Archaeology |
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Term
| Register of Professional Archaeologists |
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Definition
1998. A reorganization of Professional Archaeologists which began in 1978. Operates as a register of professionally certified archaeologists.
-Certification process- members must have a minimum of 1 year field and lab training and a Masters Archaeology which culminated in a master's thesis.
-Code of ethics- members must commit to this is they want to be accepted.
-Griecance Process- Grienvance Coordinator and individual panels constituted to evaluate grievances for circumstances in which malfeasance or unethical activities occur |
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Term
What are the sectors for employment in archaeology?
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Definition
| Private sector, agencies, museums, academic institutions |
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Term
| Private sector (archaeological employment) |
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Definition
| Most of the archaeology conducted in the US today is conducted by provate sector firms. Projects are generally short term and are awarded through some competative process. Reports of these projects must pass through a review process in the Division of Historical Resources. |
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Term
| Agencies (emplyment in archaeology) |
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Definition
| Federal: National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, US Forest Service, Fish and Wildlife Serveice ect. Archaeologists are responsible for the identification, asessment and protection of cultural resources on public lands. Counties or cities may also have archaeologists on staff. |
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Term
| Museums (archaeological employment) |
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Definition
| Archaeologists in this setting are responsible for curating the collections that the institution holds. These archaeologists may conduct long term research and be responsible for the preeration of exhibits for the public. |
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| Academic Institutions (archaeological employment) |
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| The responsibilities of an archaeologist in this arena are teaching, research and service. An institutional affiliation makes an archaeologist eligible to compete for federal and state funds for research. |
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| Provide students with apprenticeship experience and are usually sponsored by a university or museum. The longer the field school the better increase in skill level. |
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| Capitol of the Assyrian Empire, ca 1800 acres in extent and made spectacular by King Sennacherib around 700BC |
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| chalk figures: such as this one near English coast are made by removing the sod over a very superficial chalk deposits. |
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| Has "Cueva de las Manos" which is a large handprint cave painting as well as a hunting scene. |
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| Guatemalan site with stelaes and carved zoomorphs |
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| tourist pressure on this island is cited as the single most significant threat. |
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| Colorado site with clay or adobe town |
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| Combodian religious center since its founding in the 12th century that is the largest religious building in the world today. |
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| Pueblo Bonito in New Mexico. Large semicircular town. |
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| New Mexico. Fort built on the side of a large drop off. |
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| Cahokia, Illinois. Large indian mound. |
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| Alabama, Mississippian site. |
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| Florida Mississippian site. |
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| Georgia Mississippian site |
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| Mississippi, Mississippian site. |
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| The ruins of Panama Viejo, an early Spanish colonial town, built in 1519 by Pedro Darias Davilla, are located along the PAcific coast near the present city of Panama. |
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| PEruvian site with detailed animal carvings |
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| Bolivian site with a repaired Gate of the Sun |
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| PEruvian site with a large monkey shaped geoglyph |
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| Hatian fortification dating to the early years of the 19th century. |
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| Famous French cave in which tourist visitation has been haulted in many of the chambers because the moisture from breathing and the light have caused deterioration of the murals. |
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| Swedish petrogyphs recording the early maritime activities among the Scandanavians. |
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