Term
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Definition
• 1923 discovery
• 3.4 mya
• Key figures
• Valgus
• Femora candyles modified
• Patellar notch raised |
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Term
| Early Hominin Lifeways :Social Organization |
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Definition
•Sexual division of labor
•Evidence of sample shelters and cave cooperation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (specialized jaws and tooth) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
• Thorax shaping
• Basicranial flexation |
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Definition
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Term
• Rounded back
• Vertical forehead
• Small face
• Chin
• Little to no browridge |
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Definition
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Term
• Craniodental and postcranial remains
• Cranium :
• Small brain
• Prognatic face
• Large teeth |
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Definition
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Term
Australopithecus Anamesis
• Maeve leaky 1994
• Cranial and Post cranial
• 2 sites :Allia bay and Kenapoi
• 4.2 – 3.9 mya
• More u-shaped mandible
• More flexible arms, joints don’t lock
• Wasn’t specialized for knuckle walking. |
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Definition
| Australopithecus Anamesis |
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Term
• Central Chad
• 3.4 – 3 mya (Fauna)
• Bahr el ghazal region
• Mandible fragment & P3
• Derived biscuspids P3
• Divergent tooth row |
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Definition
| Australopithecus Bahreghazali |
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Term
• Hardar Lactoli
• 4-3 mya
• Bipedal
• Primitive skull/ dentition
• LH4 Holotype
• `tail canine
• Diastema
• Premolars/molars like A. Africanus
• Tooth row shaped unlike apes |
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Definition
| Austrolopithecus Aferensis (Johanson 1978) |
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Term
• Les Eyzies, France, 32kya
• Sudden appearance corresponds w/ Neanderthals demise |
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Definition
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Term
• Indentation in the maxilla above the root canine
• Associated w/ AMH (anatomically modern human) but seen in H. antecessor & some H. heidelbergensis |
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Definition
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Term
| Dinissovan contemporaneous |
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Definition
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Term
Associated w/ Neanderthal remains
Similarities to upper Paleolithic |
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Definition
| Chateperronean tools from Laursel Frame |
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Term
• Out of Africa theory
• Model of human migrations w/ most support
• Genetic evidence
• Fossil record
• Non-human evidence (H. Pylori bacterium and head lice) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Contemporaneous in Southeast Asia |
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Term
• Upper Paleolithic site
• 30-25 kya
• Structures activity arms, burials, grave goods, ritual “symbolic” behavior. |
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Definition
| DOLNI VESTONIC (Monrovia) |
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Term
• Retreating chin region
• Relatively large incisors and canines
• Small (narrow) molars (relative to Austra)
• M3 smaller than M2
• Temporal lines never meet in midline
• Slight postorbital contruction
• Postcranial remains
• Hand bones robust, prehensil
• Stout big toe, adducted
• Hand and fore limbs indicate climbing and weight support adaptations |
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Definition
Defining Homo Habilis
Craniodental Remains : |
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Term
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Definition
Diff features may evolve @ diff rates or not at all.
Separation in which acheulean tech. occurs and where it does not.
the absense of handaxes reflects loss of tech due to pressures of raw material.
hominins left before hand axes were developed. |
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Term
• 1.8 mya (2-1.5 mya)
• Oldowan-type tools
• 4 hominin skulls, misc. jaws etc
• Lots of fauna/ artifacts |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
• 1st Neanderthals found in 1836
• Rel. tall forehead
• Strong pronounced brow bridge
• Bun in the back of skull
• Feldhofer grotto
• Neander valley, Germany |
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Definition
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Term
• Compared to A. Aforensis, each human would have required 39% more energy to meet resting metabolic requirements
• Some tissues require more energy than others (nervous and digestive system) |
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Definition
| Expensive Tissue Hypothesis |
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Term
• Jebrl Irhoud, Morocco
(Africa) |
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Definition
| Gen. Modern but not fully homo sapiens (H. Hemei?), 130-60kya |
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Term
• Shorter distal bone
• Robust joint
• Rounder rib cage
• Thighs rotated diff, bowleg
• Up close hunting assumptions by teeth mark on teeth |
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Definition
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Term
• Throughout Af from 1.8 mya
• First hominin to appear outside of Af
• Appears in Asia ca. 1.8 mya?
• Adapted to both tropical and temperate climate |
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Definition
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Term
• H. Ergaster --> Africa
• H. Erectus --> Asia |
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Definition
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Term
• 1.8 – 1.0 mya
• E Af & Rep. of Georgia
• Thinner crial bones, less pronounced browridges
• Acheulen tools (more advanced than Oldawan) |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
H. Habilis (H. Habilis,H. Rudolfesnsi)
H. Erectus (H. Ergaster, H. Erectus)
H. Sapiens (H. antec., H. Heidelb, H. Neandert., H. Sapiens) |
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Term
• 200 kya to 30kya
• Robust skeleton
• Cold – adapted
• Europe/ near east
• Significant temporal regional variation
• Mousterian tool ancestry |
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Definition
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Term
• 800K BP –atapherca
• Key figures
• Smaller canines and jaws than H. Erectus
• Canine fossa (mid face)
• March 2008
• Homo antecessor
• 1.1 mya
• From a cave in N. Spain |
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Definition
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Term
• 160 kya
• 3 individual
• Clear modern morphology
• Stone tools. |
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Definition
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Term
• 3rd molar/ pinky bone
• Mophorlogically like late australopithecines/ early homos
• 50 kya central Asia, Siberia
• Distinct mitochondria/ Nuclear DNA from modern humans/ Neanderthals
• Divergence from Neanderthals around 1 mya
• 4% cont. to modern malenisian (S. E Asia)
• 40 mya, contemporaries w/ Neanderthals/ AMH pop. |
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Definition
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Term
• Acheulen (Af, not E. Asia)
• Bifacial hand axes and cleavers.
• Big-game hunting (cooperative)
• Diversified tool kits
• Evidence for simple shelters
• Earliest occupation of cave sites
• Evidence for controllable use of fire (1.5 mya)
• Open question :language |
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Definition
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Term
• 18k yrs BP
• Flores, Indonesia
• 1 m tall
• Cerebral rubicon –RIP (Just arbitiray)
• Tool tech
• Low predation?
• Caloric reduction? |
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Definition
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Term
• Olduvai George
• Bed I/II
• 2 – 1.6 mya
• Handman
• Handy man
• Tool association
• Passes "cerebral rubicon"
• Reduced molar size |
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Definition
| Homo Habilis (Leaky et all, 1964) |
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Term
| Europe, Middle East, Asia |
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Definition
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Term
Java Sites
• Dupois (1890 – 1900)
• P. Erectus Homo erectus
• Sites : Trinil (solo river)
• Brain case, mandible, limb bone
• Von Koenigowald (1936- 1940)
• Sangiran & modjekerto
• Splitter – Pithecanthropus & moganthropus |
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Definition
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Term
• Ngoloba beds
• Laetoli, Tanzania
• 120 kya
• H. Heidelbergensis |
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Definition
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Term
• 1975 discovery
• Volcano nearby
• Footprints/ animal activity
• 3.6 mya |
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Definition
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Term
| o H.habilis direct ancestor to H. sapiens-descended from A. africanus. H. erectus a dead end. |
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Definition
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Term
• Hybrid boy
• Transition forms in M. East and Asia
• Diff are deep time
• Requires independent speciation event. |
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Definition
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Term
• Robust (primitive) w/ small (derived) molars
• Was long time the oldest European fossil
• 500k yrs old
• Type specimen
• Slightly larger, more globular braincase (1k -1400 cm3)
• Steeper forehead/ rounded back of skull
• Skull broadest higher up
• Thinner skull bones, reduced masticulature
• Mandible and face reduced, smaller molars
• Old world distribution
• > 600 k -200k years ago. |
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Definition
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Term
• Robust (primitive) w/ small (derived) molars
• Was long time the oldest European fossil
• 500k yrs old
• Type specimen
• Slightly larger, more globular braincase (1k -1400 cm3)
• Steeper forehead/ rounded back of skull
• Skull broadest higher up
• Thinner skull bones, reduced masticulature
• Mandible and face reduced, smaller molars
• Old world distribution
• > 600 k -200k years ago. |
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Definition
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Term
• MtDNA
• Africans show greater genetic variation
• Human origin ca 285-143 kya |
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Definition
| Mitochondrial “Eve” (Rebecca Cann) |
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Term
| •Klasie, River mouth & border Cave, S. Af, Omo I (Kibbish) Ethiopia |
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Definition
| Modern homo sapiens, 130 kya |
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Term
• Extreme lumper
• Milfrd Wolof – strongest proponent of theory
• Insufficient genetic support
• Explains “hybrid” fossils |
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Definition
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Term
• Culture adaptation to cold
• Ritual and burial w/ objects ( no uncontroversial evidence)
• Care for handicapped/ elderly
• Interpersonal violence |
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Definition
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Term
o Olduvai gorge-lower bed I
o Partial and reconstructed skull
o Female indiviual
o Cranial capacity ca. 590 cm3 (smaller than Austra)
o Slight post orbital constriction
o Domed forehead
o Expanded parietal region |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Old World (Asia) 1.8- 0.05 mya |
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Term
• Kibbish from Ethiopia
• 195 kya
• Oldest modern H. Sapiens |
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Definition
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Term
• Haekel’s (1865) pithecanthropus alalus
• Java (Indonesia)
• 1.8 – 0.05 mya
• Skull may be half-ape half human
• Sanguran – 1930s (one skull cap and one femur)
• Ngandong (Java) – 1980s (53k – 27k BP) |
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Definition
| Pithecanthropus Erectus Dubois (1894) |
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Term
• Cerebral Rubicon =
• 750 cc ( Sir Author Korth)
• 600 cc (Leaky, Tobias, Napier
• Precision grip
• Tools?
• Language? |
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Definition
| Recognizing Genes Homo (based on homo erectus) |
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Term
• Paranthropus robust
• P. Aethopicus (east af)
• P. boisei (central Africa) |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
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Term
• Been bashed on side of head
• Battered and bruised
• Lived to old age
• Healing/care |
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Definition
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Term
• China
• Davidson black & Franz Weirdenreiich
• 1920s and 30s – materials lost during the WWII
• @Zhoukoudian 0.7- 0.4 mya (main cave artifacts)
• Other sites ca 1 mya |
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Definition
| Sinanthropus Pekinesis (Davidson got the credit) |
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Term
•Near east/ central Asia
•COLD preserves DNA
• Qafzeh/ Tsburn Neanderthal sites |
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Definition
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Term
Neaderthals were coexisting with H. Floriensis
True or False |
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Definition
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Term
• Modern humans evolved recently
• Humans pass thru a pop. Bottleneck |
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Definition
| VARIATION IN MtDNA of Modern Human id very low (1/10th that of chimp) |
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Term
• 1984
• 200 KYA
• Largest transition infar East |
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Definition
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Term
Earliesty known archeological evidence of MtDNA and Y-chromosome is
(160-135 kya) |
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Definition
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Term
| Single species hypothesis |
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Definition
o C.Loring Brace and Milfor Wolpoff (U of MI)
o 1960s and early 1970s
o All anatomical differences between hominin species is intraspecific variation, not interspecific variation
o Only one species of hominin can exist at any one time because they occupy same adaptive niche |
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Term
|
Definition
o H.habilis diagnostic feature insignificant
o Bed I= A. africanus
o Bed II= early H. erectus |
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Term
• Portugal, 25-24 mya
• Neanderthal last stand
• Zarfgaraya, S. Spain
• Mousterian assemblages ~ 27 mya |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
• 1974
• 40% complete (47/207 bones)
• All in one individual
• Mature adult
• 1m tall
• Elbow joint is more flexible/ mobile |
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Term
| HADAR – AL 333 “First Lady” |
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Definition
• 1975
• 200+ hominin fossils
• 13+ individuals – MNI (9 adults, 4 juveniles)
• Catastrophic assemblage
• 3.2 mya
• Life history, variation data |
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Term
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Definition
• 1999
• 2.5 mya (awash region)
• Asfaw, white and colleague
• Garh = |
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Term
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Definition
• Advanced Levallois technique
• Core trimmed around edges to produce disks
• Large flake strick |
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Term
| • By middle Pleistocene (0.7 – 0.12 mya) H. Erectus firmly established. |
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Definition
• Af
• Trop. Asia
• Northern Europe |
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Term
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Definition
• Antelope remains from nearby site w/ cutting marks
• Long legs, def bipedal
• A. Garhi or other human species responsible
• Meat/marrow eating at an early age
• “Hall mark” in human evolution |
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Term
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Definition
• Austrol. Africanus
• A. Aferensis
• A. Anamensis
• A. Bahreghazal |
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Term
| Early Hominin Lifeways: Climate and environmental changes |
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Definition
• Core samples: COLD!!!
• Clothing, fire etc |
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Term
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Definition
• Diff in sequences from modern human samples
• 1-4% genetic contribution in modern humans w/ Non-Af ancestry
• Common ancestors of modern human 365- 853 mya |
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Term
| Marcelle Boule (1816-1942) |
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Definition
• Early interpretations of Neanderthal
• Couldn’t have been ancestors b/c they’re very primitive |
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Term
|
Definition
• Flat faced man of Kenya
• 3.2 -3.5 mya
• West lake Turkana
• Temporary w/ Lucy
• KNM WT 4000 – Holotype |
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Term
| Early Hominin Lifeways : DIET |
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Definition
• Food sharing
• Foraging
• Scavenging hunting (cooperative?) |
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Term
|
Definition
• Gorilla
• Chimps
• H. Africanuss
• Archaic homo
• AMH |
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Term
|
Definition
• H. Habilis
• H. rudolfensis
• H. Ergaster
• H.Erectus
• H. Floriensis
• H. Antecessor
• H. Heidelbergensis
• H. Neanderthalesis
• H. Sapiens |
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Term
| Australopithecus Africanus |
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Definition
• Human shaped neurocranius
• Brain > chimp, • Small canines big molars |
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Term
| H. Heidelbergensis Culture |
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Definition
• Hunting large game
• Lithias – bridge gap btwn upper/lower Paleolithic
• No association “art” found
• Archeulen tools properly. |
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Term
| Paranthropus Aeithiopicus |
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Definition
• KMN –WT 17000
• The “black skull”
• 1958 discovery
• W. Turkana (Kenya) & Omo (Ethiopia)
• 2.8 -2.2 mya
• Primitive Robust Australopithecus |
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Term
| Neaderthan Cranio-Facial Anatomy |
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Definition
• Large arching browridge
• Big nose
• Puff face (midface prognatism)
• No chin
• Retro molar gap
• Low forehead
• Occipital bun
• Large cranial capacity
• Projecting midrace
• Degree of wear pattern on incisors atypical for modern humans incliding upper Paleolithic people (hide preparation?) |
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Term
| Robust Austrapithecine = Paranthropus |
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Definition
• Late Pliocene –early Pleistocene deposits (2.5-1 mya)
• East/South Africa
• Massive molars
• Flat broad “dish face”
• Poorly known anatomy |
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Term
| Dart’s Osteodontokeratic Culture |
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Definition
• Makapansgat
• Bone tooth horn
• Taphonomic studies |
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Term
|
Definition
| • No archaic homosapiens. |
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Term
|
Definition
• O.H.5
• 1959
• “Robust” australopithecine zinjathropus
• Massive premolars and molars
• Tiny canine and incisors
• “Human cuisinart” |
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Term
• Complete displacement
• Cladogenesis |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Popularized “missing links”
• Found east African remains
• Paranthropus boisei |
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Term
• Gene flow
• Integration
• Anagenesis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| East African Fossisl (Great Rift Valley) |
|
Definition
• Relatively recent discoveries (1959)
• Excellent preservation
• Established geological context/good absolute dates |
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Term
|
Definition
• Skull/ post cranial sites in Correze, France
• Old man of La Chapelle, 50 kya
• 1908-1911 excavate |
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Term
| Parathropus Robustus (Broom, 1938) |
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Definition
• Small incisors, canines, large molars and heavy chewing muscles
• Swatkrans, kromdraii
• 2- 1.5 mya |
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Term
|
Definition
| • Middle to late pliestocene record not extensive |
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Term
|
Definition
•1975 (Grooves and Mazak)
•Organized by molar size and reduction in premolar root #
•As H. Erectus got messy, H. Ergaster served to tidy up |
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|
Term
| Homo Ergaster : The splitter wins |
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Definition
•Too big to be H. Habilis
•Too derived to be homo rudolfensis
•Sloping forehead |
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Term
| Australopithecus africanus (Sterkfontein) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Paranthropus boisei (Olduvai Gorge) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| . Homo ergaster (Nariokotome |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Australopithecus afarensis (Hadar) |
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Term
|
Definition
| .Homo rudolfensis (Koobi Fora |
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Term
| All species of the genus Homo are bipedal. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| All species of the genus Homo are bipedal. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| All species of the genus Homo are known to have used language. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Homo erectus/ergaster has a body build much like early Homo. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Homo habilis remains at Olduvai Gorge (Beds I and II) were associated with so-called Oldowan stone tools. |
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Definition
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