Term
| five major processes of the digestive system |
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Definition
1) ingestion
2) motility
3) digestion
4) absorption
5) elimination |
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Term
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Definition
| mastication of food and deglutition (swallowing) |
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Term
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Definition
| contraction of digestive tract unitary smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown of food into their simplest forms (nutrients) |
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Term
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Definition
| physical breakdown (mastication/mixing) |
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown of large molecules into small molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| transport of nutrients to the blood and lymph |
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Term
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Definition
| allows nutrients to be utilized by the body |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of undigested and unabsorbed material from the body |
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Term
| regulation of digestive system is by |
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Definition
1) autonomic nervous system
2) hormones
3) paracrines |
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Term
| autonomic nervous system consists of |
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Definition
1) enteric nervous system
2) sympathetic nervous system
3) parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| function of enteric nervous system |
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Definition
| stimulates/inhibits the digestive system |
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Term
| enteric nervous system is influenced by the |
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Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| enteric nervous system consists of |
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Definition
| submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus |
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Term
| function of sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| inhibits the digestive system |
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Term
| function of parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| stimulates the digestive system |
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Term
| hormones of the digestive system |
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Definition
1) gastrin
2) cholecystokinin
3) secretin
4) glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide |
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Term
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Definition
| stomach, duodenum, jejunum |
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Term
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Definition
1)stimulates gastric acid secretion
2)stimulates gastric motility |
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Term
| what stimulates the release of gastrin? |
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Definition
| protein, distension of the stomach, parasympathetics |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1) causes gallbladder to contract
2) stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes
3) inhibits gastric emptying |
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Term
| what stimulates the release of CCK? |
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Definition
1) protein/lipid/carbohydrate in small intestine
2) decrease in small intestine pH |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1) stimulates secretion of HCO3 from pancreas
2) stimulates release of bile from liver
3) inhibits release of gastrin
4) inhibits gastric emptying |
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Term
| what stimulates the release of secretin? |
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Definition
1) decrease in small intestine pH
2) lipid in small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates secretion of insulin |
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Term
| what stimulates the release of GIP |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1) somatostatin
2) histamine |
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Term
| somatostatin is secreted by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits gastric acid secretion |
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Term
| what stimulates the release of somatostatin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates gastric acid secretion |
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Term
| what stimulates the release of histamine? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1) mechanical digestion
2) mixes food with saliva to form bolus |
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Term
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Definition
| semi-solid mass that is swallowed |
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Term
| involuntary component of mastication |
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Definition
| involves reflexes initiated by presence of food |
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Term
| voluntary component of mastication |
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Definition
| can override involuntary component |
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Term
| 3 phases of deglutition/swallowing |
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Definition
1) oral phase
2) pharyngeal phase
3) esophageal phase |
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Term
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Definition
| tongue pushes bolus to back of throat (oropharynx) |
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Term
| pharyngeal phase (involuntary) |
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Definition
| presence of bolus causes activation of swallowing center in medulla |
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Term
| motor output from swallowing center during pharyngeal phase |
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Definition
1) causes soft palate to pull upward
2) causes epiglottis to cover the glottis
3) causes upper esophageal sphincter to relax |
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Term
| in what phase is breathing inhibited during? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| wavelike contractions of the digestive tract that propel contents |
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Term
| circular layer of peristalsis |
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Definition
| contracts behind and relaxes in front of contents |
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Term
| longitudinal layer of peristalsis |
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Definition
| relaxes behind and contracts in front of contents |
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Term
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Definition
| series of contractions and relaxations of circular layer that mix the contents |
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Term
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Definition
| peristalsis propels bolus toward the stomach during the esophageal phase of swallowing |
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Term
| duration of bolus through esophagus |
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Definition
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Term
| esophageal peristalsis causes |
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Definition
| relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter |
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Term
| function of stomach motility |
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Definition
| mixing (mixes bolus with gastric juice to form chyme) |
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Term
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Definition
| peristalsis moves from fundus to body and down to antrum |
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Term
| each peristaltic wave empties |
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Definition
| approx 1% of stomach contents |
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Term
| peristaltic waves per minutes |
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Definition
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Term
| peristalsis during gastric emptying causes |
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Definition
| opening of pyloric sphincter so contents empty into duodenum |
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Term
| duration of gastric emptying |
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Definition
| takes approx. 2 to 3 hours to empty |
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Term
| contents that empty the fastest |
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Definition
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Term
| contents that empty the slowest |
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Definition
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Term
| stimulation of gastric emptying |
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Definition
1) increased volume of contents in stomach
2) increased fluidity of chyme in stomach
3) parasympathetics
4) gastrin |
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Term
| inhibition of gastric emptying |
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Definition
1) decreased fluidity of chyme in stomach
2) lipids in duodenum (strongest inhibitor)
3) chyme below pH 2.0 in duodenum
4) hypertonic/hypotonic contents in duodenum
5) sympathetics |
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Term
| small intestine motility is via |
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Definition
| segmentation (most prevalent movement of small intestine) |
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Term
| duration of peristalsis of small intestine |
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Definition
| 3 to 5 hours for chyme to move through small intestine |
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Term
| stimulation of small intestine motility |
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Definition
1) distension of duodenum
2) hypertonic/hypotonic chyme in duodenum
3) low pH of chyme in duodenum
4) protein digested contents in duodenum
5) parasympathetics |
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Term
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Definition
1) haustration
2) mass movement
3) elimination |
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Term
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Definition
| aids in the formation of feces |
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Term
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Definition
1) water, undigested material, mucus, flora (30% of dry weight)
2) bile pigments (urobilinogen from conjugated bilirubin) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1) gastrocolic reflex
2) duodenocolic reflex |
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Term
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Definition
| initiation of mass movement by presence of food in stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| initiation of mass movement by presence of chyme in duodenum |
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Term
| mass movement typically occurs |
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Definition
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Term
| duration of mass movement |
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Definition
| 18 to 24 hours to pass through large intestine |
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Term
| mass movement allows for incubation of |
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Definition
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Term
| purpose of flora in large intestine |
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Definition
1) feed off of nutrients left in chyme
2) produce vit K and B-complex vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| defecation reflex is caused by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mechanically break down food |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanically break down food; moves food around to be chewed and presses food against hard palate |
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Term
| function of salivary glands |
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Definition
| produce saliva at a rate of 1 to 1.5 liters per day |
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Term
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Definition
1) aqueous component
2) organic component |
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Term
| organic component of saliva |
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Definition
1) salivary amylase
2) lingual lipase
3) mucus
4) antibacterials |
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Term
| function of salivary amylase |
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Definition
1) begins chemical digestion of starch
2) inactivated by acidic environment of stomach |
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Term
| function of lingual lipase |
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Definition
1) digests emulsified fats
2) minor role in lipid digestion in adults |
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Term
| function of mucus (salivary) |
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Definition
1)lubricates mouth and esophagus
2) softens food to help form bolus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| regulation of saliva production |
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Definition
1) parasympathetic
2) sympathetic |
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Term
| function of parasympahetics in saliva production |
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Definition
| stimulates aqueous and enzyme secretions |
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Term
| function of sympathetics in saliva production |
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Definition
| stimulates mucus secretion |
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Term
| what stimulates the release of saliva? |
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Definition
1) sight/smell of food
2) presence of anything in mouth
3) nausea |
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Term
| what inhibits the release of saliva? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1) pepsin
2) gastric lipase
3) intrinsic factor
4) mucus
5) gastric acid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| gastric lipase is released by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| gastric lipase plays a minor role in |
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Definition
| lipid digestion in adults |
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Term
| intrinsic factor is released by |
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Definition
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Term
| intrinsic factor is necessary for |
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Definition
| proper vit. B12 absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| protects stomach from gastric acid and enzymes |
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Term
| gastric acid is released by |
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Definition
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Term
| functions of gastric acid |
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Definition
1) decreases pH in stomach to activate pepsin
2) breaks down connective tissue in meat
3) kills bacteria |
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Term
| regulation of gastric acid secretion is by |
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Definition
1) parasympathetics
2) gastrin
3) histamine
4) somatostatin
5) secretin |
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Term
| parasympathetics (gastric acid secretion) |
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Definition
1) stimulates release of gastric acid
2) stimulates gastrin and histamine |
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Term
| gastrin (gastric acid secretion) |
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Definition
| stimulates release of gastric acid |
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Term
| histamine (gastric acid secretion) |
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Definition
1) stimulates release of gastric acid
2) blocked by H2 antgaonists |
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Term
| somatostatin (gastric acid secretion) |
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Definition
| inhibits release of gastric acid |
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Term
| secretin (gastric acid secretion) |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 phases of gastric acid secretion |
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Definition
1) cephalic phase
2) gastric phase
3) intestinal phase |
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Term
| cephalic phase accounts for |
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Definition
| 30% of gastric acid secretion |
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Term
| gastric phase accounts for |
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Definition
| 60% of gastric acid secretion |
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Term
| early phase of the intestinal phase accounts for |
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Definition
| 10% of gastric acid secretion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| lysosomal enzymes (small intestine) are released by |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| glands that extend down between villi into the mucosa |
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Term
| function of lysosomal enzymes |
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Definition
| help maintain fluidity of chyme |
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Term
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Definition
| protects lining from acidic chyme and digestive enzymes |
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Term
| enzymes produced by small intestine |
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Definition
1) disaccharidases
2) peptidases |
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Term
| disaccharidases (function) |
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Definition
| final digestion of carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
1) maltase
2) sucrase
3) lactase |
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Term
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Definition
| digests maltose into glucose + glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| digests sucrose into glucose + fructose |
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Term
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Definition
| digests lactose into glucose + galactose |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| disaccharidases and peptidases are both |
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Definition
| surface bound to microvilli |
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Term
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Definition
1) peptidase
2) aminopeptidase |
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Term
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Definition
| water, cholesterol, lipids, conjugated bilirubin, protein, electrolytes, bile acids |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| bile acids + certain amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1) neutralize acidic chyme via HCO3
2) emulsify lipids via bile salts |
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Term
| liver produces approx. ________ of bile per day |
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Definition
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Term
| organic component of pancreatic digestive secretions |
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Definition
1) pancreatic amylase
2) pancreatic lipase
3) proteases and peptidases |
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Term
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Definition
| contingues digestion of starch into dissacharides |
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Term
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Definition
| digests triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides |
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Term
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Definition
| digest protein into polypeptides, tripeptides, dipeptides, and amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
1) trypsin
2) chymotrypsin
3) carboxypeptidase |
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