Term
| endocrine system contains |
|
Definition
| specialized tissues and glands that produce and release hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulate many activities that allow for communication between cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) hormone released into blood
2) hormone circulates in the blood to their target cells
3) hormone affects the activity of their target cells |
|
|
Term
| two major classes of hormones |
|
Definition
1) protein hormones
2) lipid hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water soluble, proteins, polypeptides, and peptides, amino acid derivatives/amines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relatively small, lipid soluble |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of lipid derivatives that are synthesized by most tissues in the body |
|
|
Term
| series 1 and 3 prostaglandins |
|
Definition
| considered to have beneficial effects (dilate airways, reduce inflammation and pain) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| considered to have harmful effects (constrict airways, cause inflammation, pain and fever) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short half-life (would lose their efficacy if transported in the blood to distant cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release of a substance from a cell that acts on a nearby cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release of a substance from a cell that acts on that same cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) negative feedback
2) positive feedback |
|
|
Term
| negative feedback dysfunction |
|
Definition
1) hyposecretion
2) hypersecretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) non-hormonal
2) neural
3) hormonal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance (other than hormone) regulates release of a hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nervous system regulates release of a hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone from one gland regulates release of a hormone from another gland |
|
|
Term
| pattern of hormone release |
|
Definition
1) chronic
2) acute
3) cyclic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release of hormone is relatively constant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release of hormone in response to some stimulus |
|
|
Term
| concentration in circulating hormone in chronic hormone release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| circulating hormone in acute hormone release |
|
Definition
| rapid and transient increase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release of hormone at set times during the day or month |
|
|
Term
| circulating hormone in cyclic hormone release |
|
Definition
| increase or decrease in circulating hormone at set times during the day/month |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized structures on or in target cells that bind hormones; hormone must bind to receptor to have an effect on the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific hormones bind to specific receptors at receptor/active site |
|
|
Term
| specificity is dictated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates action of receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits the action of the receptor |
|
|
Term
| interactions between receptor and hormone |
|
Definition
1) desensitization
2) sensitization
3) additive effect
4) synergistic effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs with prolonged and constant stimulation of receptor |
|
|
Term
| effect of desensitization |
|
Definition
| normal amount of hormone is not inadequate to produce a normal response |
|
|
Term
| causes of desensitization |
|
Definition
1) sensitivity of receptor for agonist decreases
2)down-regulation
3) uncoupling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease in number of receptors |
|
|
Term
| decrease in number of receptors causes |
|
Definition
1) rate of receptor synthesis slowed
2) rate of receptor degradation accelerated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptor is detached from the structure it activates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensitivity of the receptor for agonist increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in number of receptors |
|
|
Term
| increase in number of receptors causes |
|
Definition
1) rate of receptor synthesis accelerated
2) rate of receptor degradation slowed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one hormone up-regulates the receptor of another hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effect of two hormones together on a target cell is equal to the sum of their individual effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effect of two hormones together on a target cell is greater than the additive effect of the two hormones individually on that target cell |
|
|
Term
| location of action on target cell |
|
Definition
1) plasma membrane receptors
2) intracellular receptors |
|
|
Term
| plasma membrane receptors are bound by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bound plasma membrane receptor |
|
Definition
| initiates a cascade of events within the cell (second messenger cascade) |
|
|
Term
| intracellular receptors are bound by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intracellular receptors are contained |
|
Definition
| within the cytoplasm or nucleus |
|
|
Term
| bound intracellular receptor |
|
Definition
| interacts with enzymes or DNA |
|
|
Term
| G proteins activate calcium channels |
|
Definition
| increases intracellular calcium |
|
|
Term
| G proteins activate adenylate cyclase |
|
Definition
| enzyme that converts ATP into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) |
|
|
Term
| G proteins activate phospholipase C |
|
Definition
| enzyme that converts PIP2) into IP3 and DAG |
|
|
Term
| effect of calcium channels |
|
Definition
| causes some effect within the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activates other enzymes within the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activates other enzymes within the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes an increase in intracellular calcium |
|
|
