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| Deoxynucleic Acid (DNA) is the code at which we create proteins that show (or Don't show) as traits in our physical beings. |
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| DNA that is found within the nucleus of our each cell. |
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| DNA that is found in the mitochondria of our cells. There can be 1 - 100 individual mitochondria within EACH cell. This DNA is smaller with only 37 chromosomes. |
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| Mendel wrote about and studied principles of heredity. Pea Plant study. P - F1 - F2 generations. True-breeding plants (Homozygous) and created hybrid plants (Heterozygous). |
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| Bodies found in the nucleus of our cells that hold our hereditary materials. |
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| Sequence of base pairs (A-T, C-G) in a DNA molecule that code specific proteins. |
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The alternative form of a gene. (A = tall OR a = short)
'A' and 'a' and the two alleles for height in this specific example. |
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| A trait that is SEEN in a heterozygous organism is considered to be the 'Dominant' trait. |
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| A trait that does NOT show in a heterozygous organisms. |
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| When two alleles of the same gene are present and both are EXPRESSED in the organism. |
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| The position on a chromosome of a gene or mutation. |
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| a the group of genes available within an interbreeding population of a species. |
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| Group of amino acids (peptides) that become a protein that codes for a specific trait. |
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| A group of amino acids (peptides) that group in threes and form a protein that when paired with other proteins expresses (OR doesn't express) a trait in an individual. |
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| A process by which biological cells generate new cells to balance for the loss of cells via degradation or export. |
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| Building blocks of proteins. 3 amino acids make 1 protein. |
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| A molecule that makes a chemical reaction occur, slow down, or speed up with out altering the desired action or result. |
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| compounds that include fats, oils, and waxes. |
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| organic compounds that are made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. An example is sugars or starches like potatoes. |
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| 3 base pair sequence of a DNA molecule that code for a specific amino acid. |
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| All chromosomes except sex chromosomes. |
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| X (in females) and Y (in males) chromosomes. Females typically have XX as their pair whereas males typically have XY as their chromosomal pair. |
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| The standard for chromosomal organization and classification. |
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| Form of cell division geared towards growth and cell replacement. |
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| Specialized cell division that is specific to reproduction. This happens in the testes and ovaries to produce gametes or sex cells. |
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| Sex cell from meiosis that has half of a human chromosome set (23 chromatids). This is represented as either a ovum in females or sperm in a male. |
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| The association of genes that are on the same chromosome. |
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| the larger of the two sex chromosomes. Females have two X's and males only have one. |
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| The smaller of the two sex chromosomes. Females typically have 0 Y chromosomes whereas males are heterozygous with 1 Y and 1 X. |
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| Refers to genes on only the X chromosomes meaning that males and females can both be affected/express them. Males would only receive any of this information from their mothers as they receive a Y from their fathers. |
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| Refers to genes only on the Y sex chromosome meaning that males are the only ones affected by these genes/expressions. |
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| The way new variants enter the species. The change of a genetic code via insertion, deletion, or rearrangements of genes. |
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| Differing traits are inherited independently of one another. Whether I am tall or short is unrelated to the color of my eyes. |
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| The separation of hereditary traits into separate sex cells. These sex cells therefore contain either one or the other factors of a trait. |
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| The observable (generally) trait of an individual. Eye color, height, skin color, etc. |
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| The genes on the chromosomes that make a trait. |
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| When a chromosome itself breaks. This section is then not included in the second generation cell and the deleted section is lost. |
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| When part(s) of a chromosome break and the reunite in a reversed order. No lost/gained material BUT the alleles and their positions are altered. |
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| When a section of the chromosome is repeated. |
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| When a section of a chromosome breaks off and the reattaches in a different location to other non homologous chromosomes. |
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| A blood-type system consisting of 2 major alleles. |
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| When your blood does not contain a certain protein on the red blood cells. |
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| Proteins manufactured by the body to neutralize or destroy an antigen. |
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| a substance that stimulates the production or mobilization of antibodies. Antigens can be foreign proteins, toxins, or bacterium. |
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[image]
The process by which one DNA molecule/strand becomes two identical strands. |
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| An individual with two identical alleles that code for a particular gene. This is like organisms in true-breeding. |
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| An individual with different alleles that code for a gene. This is generation F1 in the pea plant experiment. |
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| The study of gene expression. This is not a change to the actual genetic code but just what genes are turned on and off at certain places and why. |
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| The original cells. These cells are capable of becoming ANY cell that we will have as a complete organism. We start as stem cells and over time parts of the DNA in the turns on or off to determine what type of cell it is. (Skin, Cheek, Bone, Brain, etc.) |
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| To create a complete copy of an organism in its entirety that has the exact genetic make up. |
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| Movements or attempts to improve the human species through various tests and means. Some are good while others are horrific. |
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| Mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence. |
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| Complete set of an organisms genes or genetic material. |
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| A diploid cell resulting from two haploid cells fusing (gametes); a fertilized ovum. |
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