Term
| Photosynthesis and cellular respiration complement each other |
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Definition
| They are the reverse reactions of each other |
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Term
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Definition
| 6CO2 + 6H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O |
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Term
| Three chemical reaction classifications |
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Definition
| Decomposition, synthesis, and exchange reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| An initial large molecule is broken down into smaller structures like in catabolic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Two or more structures combine to form a larger structure like in anabolic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups exchanged between two chemical structures like in the production of ATP in muscle tissue |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| The amount of energy required for a specific reaction to happen |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Maintenance and production |
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Term
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Definition
| Gross energy: energy found in feed |
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Term
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Definition
| Digestible energy: energy that doesn't end up in feces |
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Term
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Definition
| Metabolizable energy: energy left after feces, urine, and gas loss |
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Term
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Definition
| Net energy: energy left after feces, urine, gas, and heat loss |
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Term
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Definition
| Catalysts that accelerate normal physiologic activities |
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Term
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Definition
| Named based off of the reaction they catalyze |
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Term
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Definition
| Decrease the activation energy of cellular reactions and increase the rate of product formation |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules required to ensure that a reaction occurs |
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Term
| The rate at which a chemical reaction occurs can be accelerated by... |
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Definition
| An increase in enzyme concentration or an increase in substrate concentration |
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Term
| Optimal temperature and pH are important because... |
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Definition
| Temperatures that are too high or pH levels that aren't right result in denaturation with loss of function |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Step by step breakdown of glucose with energy release, CO2 and water formed |
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Term
| Four possible outcomes for glucose |
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Definition
| Pyruvate, ethanol, lactate, or complete oxidation |
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Term
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Definition
| Glucose broken down into two pyruvate molecules, does not require oxygen, ten enzymes in cytosol participate, net production of 2 ATP |
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Term
| Sufficient oxygen available after glycolysis |
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Definition
| Pyruvate enters mitochondria |
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Term
| Insufficient oxygen available after glycolysis |
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Definition
| Pyruvate converted to lactate |
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Term
| Intermediate stage occurs... |
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Definition
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Term
| Pyruvate get converted to acetyl CoA in... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs in mitochondria, requires oxygen, acetyl CoA initial substrate, can use fatty or amino acids, creates 32 ATP molecules |
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Term
| Parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| Sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Crucial for digestion to occur |
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Term
| Three phases of gastric secretion |
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Definition
| Cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Once food enters the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| As partially digested food enters the duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates parietal cells (release HCl) |
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Term
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Definition
| Released from intestines to inhibit HCl |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of triglyceride |
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Term
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Definition
| Breakdown of triglyceride into glycerol and fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of glucose from noncarb sources (fat, amino acids) |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of glycogen from glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| Breakdown of glycogen into glucose |
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Term
| Ruminant utilization of carbohydrates |
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Definition
| Use VFAs as a primary energy source |
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Term
| Non-ruminant utilization of carbohydrates |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Help with carbohydrate digestion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Lack of amylase in dogs and cats |
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Definition
| Amylase not needed when diet consists of such small amounts of carbohydrates |
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Term
| Fermentation process in ruminants |
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Definition
| Microorganisms digest feeds the ruminant can't and generates useful nutrients. The microorganisms function in fermenting VFAs, CO2, and CH4. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid |
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Term
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Definition
| Aids reverse peristalsis in ruminants |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Excessive fermentation causes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Functions in protein digestion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Turns pepsinogen into pepsin |
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Term
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Definition
| Results in amino acids being used for energy or converted into fat for storage |
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Term
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Definition
| High quality protein, protein from non-protein nitrogen, and B vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by liver, helps breakdown fats |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Pancreatitis in dogs and cats |
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Definition
| Inflammation disrupts the flow of enzymes into the digestive tract and enzymes end up in the abdominal area, the enzymes continue functioning in the wrong location and the body begins to digest itself |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Acetic acid and butyric acid |
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Definition
| Turned into acetate, BHBA and used for energy and fatty acid synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Turned into glucose, used for energy, fatty acid, glycogen and triglyceride syntheses: NADPH production |
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Term
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Definition
| Turned into triacylglycerol, used for energy, triglyceride, and fatty acid syntheses |
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Term
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Definition
| Turned into urea and excreted in urine and saliva |
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Term
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Definition
| Remain amino acids or turned into proteins, used for protein synthesis and amino acid synthesis |
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Term
| Non-ruminant utilization of carbohydrates |
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Definition
| Use glucose as a primary energy source |
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