Term
| A DELTA FIBERS ARE WHAT TYPE OF MOTOR FIBERS? WHERE DO THEY TERMINATE? |
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Definition
| TYPE 3. THEY TRANSMIT FAST-SHARP PAIN (WITHDRAWL). 1 AND 5 |
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Term
| WHERE DOES DECUSSATION OCCUR AT FOR ANTERIOR AND LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC SYSTEM? |
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Definition
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Term
| HOW DOES REXED LAMINA E TRANSMIT IMPULSES TO REXED LAMINA 5? |
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Definition
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Term
| C FIBERS ARE ALSO KNOWN AS WHAT TYPE OF FIBERS? WHERE DO THEY TERMINATE? |
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Definition
| TYPE 4. THEY ARE SLOW AND FOR CHRONIC PAIN. 2 AND 3 |
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Term
| ARE INTERNEURONS OF REXED'S LAMINA EXCITATORY OR INHIBITORY? |
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Definition
| EXCITATORY. THE HAVE TO TRANSMIT SIGNALS TO REXED LAMINA 5 |
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Term
| THE POSTERIOR COLUMN TRACT HAS TO DO WITH WEIGHT DISCRIMINATION AMONG OTHER THINGS. WHAT IS WEIGHT DISCRIMINATION? |
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Definition
| HOW HEAVY OR LIGHT AN OBJECT IS. |
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Term
| FOR THE LATERAL PART OF THE ANTEROR AND LATERAL SPINOTHALMIC SYSTEM, WHAT ARE THE 2 MODILITIES FOR THE LATERAL PART? |
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Definition
| PAIN AND THERMAL SENSATIONS |
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Term
| THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE ANTERIOR AND LATERAL SPINOTHALMAIC SYSTEM HAS WHAT 5 MODALITIES? |
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Definition
| ITCH, TICKLE, PRESSURE, VIBRATIONS, AND CRUDE POORLY LOCALIZED TOUCH. |
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Term
| WHERE DOES A SPINOCEREBELLAR PATHWAY GO TO |
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Definition
| COMES FROM THE SPINE TO THE CEREBELLUM |
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Term
| WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT THE ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACT R/T DCML AND ALS? |
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Definition
| THERE IS NO DECUSSATION. THE PROPRIOCEPTORS ARE IN THE TRUNK AND LOWER LIMB AND GO TO THE IPSILATERAL CEREBELLUM. SO PROPRIORECEPTORS FROM THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE BODY GOES TO THE RIGHT CEREBELLUM. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF SOMATIC MOTOR PATHWAYS? |
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Definition
| DIRECT AND INDIRECT MOTOR PATHWAY |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE AREAS OF THE DIRECT MOTOR PATHWAY OF THE SOMATIC MOTOR PATHWAYS |
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Definition
| LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL, ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL TRACT, AND CORTICOBULBAR TRACT. IT BEGINS IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX, IT GOES THROUGH THE SPINE, AND EXITS IN SKELETAL MUSCLES |
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Term
| WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT THE CORTICOBULBAR TRACT? |
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Definition
| IT HAS MORE PRECISE MOVEMENTS |
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Term
| HOW MANY NEURONS DOES THE LATERAL AND ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL TRACT HAVE? |
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Definition
| 2. THIS IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE UPPER MOTOR NEURONS AND THE LOWER MOTOR NEURONS. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF PATHWAYS FOR THE SOMATIC MOTOR PATHWAYS? |
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Definition
| DIRECT AND INDIRECT. THE DIRECT IS BROKEN INTO LATERA CORTICOSPINAL AND ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL, AND CORTICOBULBAR TRACT. |
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Term
| WHERE DOES THE LATERAL AND ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL TRACT ORIGIANTE AT AND TRAVEL TO? |
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Definition
| THE CEREBRAL CORTEX THROUGH THE SPINE AND GOES OUT TO SKELETAL MUSCLES. |
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Term
| WHAT DOES THE CORTICOBULBAR TRACT INVOLVE? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR LOWER MOTOR NEURON? |
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Definition
| ALPHA MOTOR NEURON. THE LATERAL AND ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL TRACT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR UPPER AND LOWER MOTOR NEURONS. THE FIRST ORDER NEURONS, WHERE IT ALL BEGINS UP HERE. |
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Term
| WITH ANTERIOR AND LATEAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACTS WHERE ARE THEY ORIGINATING AT? |
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Definition
| THE ARE ORIGINATING IN THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX WHICH IS THE PRECENTRAL GYRUS |
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Term
| DESCRIBE HOW ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL TRACTS TRAVEL. |
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Definition
| THEY START IN THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX OF THE PRECENTRAL GYRUS AND DESCENDS DOWN THE SPINE, ON THE ANTERIOR TRACTS, AND DECUSSATE AT THE LEVEL OF SPINAL CORD EXIT. |
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Term
| DESCRIBE HOW ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL TRACTS TRAVEL. |
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Definition
| THEY BEGIN IN THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX OF THE PRECENTRAL GYRUS AND DESCEND DOWN UNTIL IT GETS TO THE MEDULLA. THERE IT DECUSATES. IT CROSSES OVER IN THE MEDULLA AND AS IT ENTERS INTO THE SPINAL CORD IT WILL TRAVEL NOW IN THE LATERAL COLUMNS. IT FOLLOWS THE LATERAL COLUMNS ALL THE WAY DOWN ND EXITS THE VETRAL HORN. |
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Term
| WHERE ARE THE ALPHA MOTOR NEURONS (SKELETAL MUSCLES) CELL BODIES AND AXONS AT? |
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Definition
| THE VENTRAL HORN AND THE AXONS EXIT THE SPINAL CORD VIA THE VENTRAL ROOT. |
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Term
| IF YOU HAVE A PATIENT WHO HAD A STROKE AND THE PT HAS SLURRED SPEECH AND FACIAL DROOPING WHERE DID THE STORKE OCCUR AT? |
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Definition
| AT THE AREA OF THE PRECENTRAL GYRUS OF THE MOTOR CORTEX WHICH CORRESPONDS WITH SPEECH AND FACE. YOU HAVE INJURY TO THE CONTRALATERAL SIDE. EX. LEFT FACIAL DROOPING THE ISCHEMIA IS ON THE RIGHT CEREBRAL CORTEX. THE SPEECH IS EFFECTED BECASUE TO CONTROL THE TONGUE, THE TONGUE HAS MUSCLES BOTH RIGHT AND LEFT MUSCLES. TO MAKE THE TONGUE PROTRUDE TO THE RIGHT I HAVE TO CONTRACT THE MUSCLES ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE TONGUE. |
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Term
| WHAT TYPE OF MOVEMENTS DOES THE LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACT GIVE US? |
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Definition
| PRECISE VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT OF LIMBS, HANDS, AND FEET. |
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Term
| WHAT TYPE OF MOVEMENTS DOES THE ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL TRACT GIVE US? |
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Definition
| MOVEMENT OF THE AXIAL SKELETON. WHEN TO SEE ANTERIOR THINK AXIAL. SO FROM BENDING FORWARD, BENDING BACK, BENDING FROM SIDE TO SIDE. |
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Term
| IS THE CORTICOBULBAR A CORTICOSPINAL TRACT? WHAT IS IT USED FOR? |
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Definition
| NO. FOR THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK. |
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Term
| WHERE IS THE CELL BODY, AXON, AND SYNAPTIC BOUTON OF THE UPPER MOTOR NEURONS? |
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Definition
| CELL BODIES ARE IN THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX. THE AXONS ARE ANTERIOR AND LATERAL COLUMNS. THE SYNAPTIC BOUTON IS IN THE VENTRAL HORN OF THE SPINAL CORD WHERE THEY EXIT. |
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Term
| WHERE IS THE CELL BODY, AXON, AND SYNAPTIC BOUTON OF THE LOWER MOTOR NEURONS? |
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Definition
| THE CELL BODY IS IN THE VENTRAL HORN. THE AXON IS THE VENTRAL ROOT. THE SYNAPTIC BOUTON IS THE NMJ. |
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Term
| WHAT ENZYME COMBINES CHOLINE AND ACETYL COA? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| WHERE IS ACETATE PRODUCED AT? |
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Definition
| GLYCOLYSIS AND THE KREB'S CYCLE. |
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Term
| HOW DOES BOTULINUS TOXIN WORK? |
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Definition
| BLOCK ACH RELEASE FROM PRESYANPTIC TERMINALS. |
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Term
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Definition
| COMPETES WITH THE ACH FOR THE RECEPTORS ON THE MOTOR END PLATE. LIKE HOW SUX COMETES FOT THOSE RECEPTORS. |
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Term
| HOW DOES HEMICHOLINIUM WORK? |
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Definition
| IT BLOCK THE REUPTAKE OF CHOLINE INTO THE PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL AND DEPLETES THE ACH STORES BECASUE IT BLOCK THE REUPTAKE. |
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Term
| WHAT 2 ENZYMES BREAK DOWN CATECHOLAMINES? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT SEROTONIN AND GABA? |
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Definition
| THEY ARE 2 NEUROTRANSMITTERS THAT ARE AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES. |
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Term
| WHAT AMINO ACID IS USED TO MAKE SEROTONIN. WHERE CAN SEROTONIN BE USED IN TO MAKE WHAT? |
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Definition
| TRYPTOPHAN IS USED TO MAKE SEROTONIN AND SEROTONIN CAN THEN BE USED IN THE PINEAL GLAND TO MAKE MELATONIN. |
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Term
| WHICH AMINO ACID MAKES GABA? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT IS INTERESTING ABOUT GLUTAMATE AFTER GABA IS FINISHED WITH IT? |
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Definition
| MUCH LIKE CHOLINE IT IS RECYCLED INTO THE KREB'S CYCLE |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE SYMPATHETIC EXCEPTION RELATED TO POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS? |
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Definition
| SWEAT GLANDS. THEY ARE CHOLINERGIC INSTEAD OF ADRENERGIC. THEY BIND TO A MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR ON THE SWEAT GLANDS. TYPICALLY SNS POSTGANGLIONIC BINDS TO A1,A2,B1, AND B2 RECEPTORS ON SMOOTH MUSCLE AND GLANDS. |
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Term
| DOES THE SNS AND PNS BOTH CAUSE CONTRACTIO OF EYE MUSCLES? WHICH ONE DILATES? |
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Definition
| YES. THE SNS DILATES THE PUPIL |
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Term
| HOW DOES THE SNS CONTRACT THE MUSCLES? |
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Definition
| THROUGH THE INPUT OF ALPHA 1. MUSCLES FOR SNS ARE LIKE PEDAL FLOWERS. WHEN THE CONTRACT THE PUPIL DIALTES. |
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Term
| HOW DOES THE PNS CONTRACT THE MUSCLES AND CAUSE PUPILLARY CONSTRICTION? |
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Definition
| FOR THE PNS THERE ARE CIRCULAR MUSCLES THAT WHEN THEY CONTRACT THEY CAUSE PULPILLARY CONSTRICTION. THE CIRCULAR MUSCLES SHORTEN IN THEIR LENGTH. |
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Term
| IS ALPHA 1 A Gs, Gi, or Gq? |
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Definition
| Gq. IT IS ACTIVATED AND EXCITIED. IT IS LINKED TO IP2 AND CAUSE AND INCREASE IN INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM. |
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Term
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Definition
| WHEN DISCUSSING ALPHA 1 RECEPTOR, SINCE IT IS A Gq, WE TALK ABOUT NOREPI SINCE IT IS AN ADRENERGIC CATECHOLAMINE. WHEN NOREPI BIND TO THE RECEPTOR, IT WILL CAUSE A CONFORMATION CHANGE TO IT. THE GDP IS REPLACED BY GTP WHICH DISSOCIATES THE ALPHA SUBUNIT FROM THE BETA AND GAMMA SUBINITS WHICH ARE STATIONARY. THE DISSOCIATION OF THE ALPHA SUBUNIT ALONG WITH THE GTP WILL ATIVATE PHOSPHOLIPASE C. PHOSPHOLIPASE C CLEAVES PIP2 INTO IP3 AND DAG. IP3 WILL TTHEN BIND TO THE RECEPTORS ON THE ER OR ON THE SR CAUSING CALCIUM RELEASE. THE CALCIUM RELEASE IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE DAG ACTIVATES KINASE C WHICH RESULTS IN SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTION. |
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Term
| 1 MOLECULE OF NOREPI CAN CAUSE ABOUT HOW MANY ENZYMES TO BE ACTIVATED? |
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Definition
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Term
| HOW DOES B1 AND B2 WORK SINCE THEY ARE Gs? |
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Definition
| THEY WORK THE SAME WAY BUT WHEN THE ALPHA SUBUNIT DISSOCIATES IT ACTIVATES ADENYLYL CYCLASE INSTEAD OF PROSPHOLIPAE C. ADENYLYL CYCLASE ACTIVATES CAMP FROM ATP WHICH IS THE SECOND MESSENGER. |
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Term
| Gi PROTEIN INCREASE WHAT EFFLUX? |
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Definition
| K. THAT IS WHY IT IS INHIBITORY BECAUSE IT HYPOERPOLARIZES THE CELL. |
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Term
| AN INOTROPIC RECEPTOR REFERS TO WHAT? |
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Definition
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Term
| A METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR REFERS TO WHAT? |
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Definition
| ALPHA AND BETA RECEPTORS. THEY ACT THROUGH SECOND MESSENGERS WHICH IS WHAT METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS ARE. MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS ARE METABOTROPIC. |
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Term
| WHAT BINDS TO NICOTINIC AND SKELETAL MUSCLES? |
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Definition
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Term
| DOES THE NT ITSLF DICTATES WHETHER OR NOT SOMETHING IS IONOTROPIC OR METABOTROPIC? |
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Definition
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