Term
| Cholinergic agonists mimic the effects of ___________ on the PSNS or NMJ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effect of acetylcholine on heart |
|
Definition
| decreased conduction, small negative inotropic effect(contraction), bradycardia |
|
|
Term
| Effect of acetylcholine on eyes(directly applied) |
|
Definition
Iris-contracts sphincter- miosis
Ciliary muscle- contraction and accomodation to near vision
Decreased intraocular pressure |
|
|
Term
| Effect of acetylcholine on visceral smooth muscle |
|
Definition
Bladder&GI tract- increased GI motility, increased detrusor muscle tone, decreased sphincter tone
Bronchiolar constriction |
|
|
Term
| Effect of acetylcholine on exocrine glands |
|
Definition
increases salivary, sweat, lacrimal, gastric, intestinal, and pancreatic secretions,
increases secretions of mucous membranes of respiratory and GI tract |
|
|
Term
| Primary therapeutic targets of acetylcholine |
|
Definition
| Bladder, GI tract, eyes, salivary |
|
|
Term
| Acetylcholine actions are generally associated with "_____ and _____" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effect of acetylcholine on vasculature |
|
Definition
| vasodilation (decreased pulmonary vascular resistance) |
|
|
Term
| Afferent neurons are ________ and carry impulses where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Efferent neurons are either ______ or ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Motor neurons carry impulses where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Autonomic neurons carry impulses where? |
|
Definition
| to visceral organ systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell bodies in CNS and axons synapse in autonomic ganglia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell bodies in autonomic ganglia and synapse on effector organs (heart, blood vessels, glands) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Constrict pupil
2. stimulates tears
3. strongly stimulates saliva
4. inhibits heart, dilates arterioles
5. constricts bronchi
6. stimulates stomach motility and secretions
7. stimulates pancreas
8. stimulates intestinal motility
9. contracts bladder
10. stimulates erection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. dilates pupils
2. weak stimulation of salivary
3. accelerates heart, constricts arterioles
4. dilates bronchi
5.inhibits stomach motility, secretion
6 inhibits pancreas and adrenals
7. inhibits intestinal motility
8. relaxes bladder
9. stimulates ejaculation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fear, Fight, flight, fuck |
|
|
Term
| Nicotinic receptors location |
|
Definition
| Located in autonomic ganglia (symp and para symp) and neuromuscular junction |
|
|
Term
| Nicotinic receptors are activated by _______ and result in ________. |
|
Definition
| acetylcholine, excitation |
|
|
Term
| Muscarinic receptors location |
|
Definition
| Located in heart, smooth muscle, and glands |
|
|
Term
| Muscarinic receptors are activated by ________ and result in ________. |
|
Definition
| Inhibition in heart, excitation in smooth muscle and glands |
|
|
Term
| What are the three adrenergic receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in vascular smooth muscle of skin and splanchnic regions, GI/bladder |
|
|
Term
| a1 receptors are activated by ______ and cause _______ |
|
Definition
| Norepinephrine, contraction/constriction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in SA node, AV node, ventricular muscle |
|
|
Term
| B1 receptors are activated by _______ and cause _______ |
|
Definition
| Epi and Norepinephrine , excitation(increased heart rate and increased contractility) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in vascular smooth muscle of skeletal muscle, bronchial smooth muscle, and walls of GI/bladder |
|
|
Term
| B2 receptors are activated by _______ and cause _______ |
|
Definition
Epi and Norepinephrine,
relaxation (dilate vessels, dilate bronchioles, relax bladder) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
support metabolic functions of neurons
envelop capillaries forming the blood-brain barrier
form scars after injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Become active due to inflammation or injury
Phagocytose cellular debris |
|
|
Term
| Brain receives __% of blood pumped by the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endothelial cells forming most capillary walls are _________. What does that mean? |
|
Definition
| Fenestrated, allows free passage of fluid and molecules. |
|
|
Term
| In brain, capillary endothelial cells are linked by tight junctions forming the ______. The tight junctions are promoted by ________. |
|
Definition
| Blood brain barrier. Astrocytes |
|
|
Term
| The blood brain barrier limits permeability for most molecules except ____________. |
|
Definition
| 02, CO2, alcohol, steroids, and H2O |
|
|
Term
| ________ __________ move glucose from plasma into the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Resting potential of unstimulated neuron is ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The change in the resting potential caused by the activation of a receptor site is called the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excitatory post synaptic potential causes ______polarization. |
|
Definition
| depolarization (causes cell to fire) |
|
|
Term
| Inhibitory post synaptic potential causes ______polarization. |
|
Definition
| hyperpolarization (makes cell harder to fire) |
|
|
Term
| EPSP is caused by the flux of which ions across the membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IPSP is caused by the flux of which ions across the membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Action potentials are generated at the |
|
Definition
| axon hillock (trigger zone) |
|
|
Term
| The axon hillock is the junction between the soma and the _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ sums ("integrates") currents ("inputs") from the dendrites. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IPSP ______ strength of EPSPs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Depolarization causes synaptic vesicles to |
|
Definition
| fuse with the membrane(Ca++ mediated), releasing neurotransmitters to stimulate postsynaptic neurons. |
|
|
Term
| During the depolarization phase of an action potential, _______ permeability increases as ______ gates are opened, while ______ gates are still closed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the repolarization phase of an action potential, _______ permeability declines and voltage-sensitive _____ gates are opened. _______ exits the cell and internal negativity of the resting neuron is restored. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ is caused by an excessive efflux of K+. What does this do? |
|
Definition
| Hyperpolarization, temporarily desensitizes the neuron to stimulus and depolarization. |
|
|
Term
| ___________ period is the time in which a neuron is desensitized following an action potential. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phenytoin is thought to block Na+ channels by |
|
Definition
| closing inactivation gate |
|
|
Term
| Lidocaine blocks the action potential by |
|
Definition
| blocking Na+ channels in sensory axons at a specific site on the channel protein. (preventing conduction of pain signals) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small gaps in the insulating myelin sheath |
|
|
Term
| What is saltatory conduction? |
|
Definition
| axon potential travels inside the axon and jumps from node to node, increasing conduction speed. |
|
|
Term
| What is the myelin sheath? |
|
Definition
| Myelin is a cellular structure with a unique lipid and protein composition. It insulates neurons and forms 'nodes' |
|
|
Term
| Multiple sclerosis is caused by |
|
Definition
| autoimmune attack on myelin sheathes resulting in demyelination which slows conduction and allows current leaks |
|
|
Term
| What are the 8 sites of drug action in CNS? |
|
Definition
1. Action potential
2. Synthesis
3. Storage
4. Release
5. Re-uptake
6. Metabolism
7. Degradation
8. Receptors |
|
|
Term
| Cell membrane receptors are |
|
Definition
Hydrophilic ligands, can't enter cell
Bind to extracellular receptors
Fast response |
|
|
Term
| Cytosolic or Nuclear Receptors are |
|
Definition
Lipophilic ligands, diffuse into the cell
Activates or suppresses gene expression
Fast to slower response depending on receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| G protein-coupled receptors are a single protein with ___________ transmembrane domains. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| G protein is an ____________ protein which bind _________ _________. |
|
Definition
| aBy trimeric protein, guanine nucleotides |
|
|
Term
| G proteins function to couple integral membrane receptors to target intracellular ______ ______ _____ ______. |
|
Definition
| second messenger enzyme systems |
|
|
Term
| During G protein activation ____ displaces the bound ___ on the a-subunit, which then dissociates from the ___ _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The By-subunit is _________-bound |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intrinsic _______ activity of the a-subunit hydrolyses ____ on the a-subunit to _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GTPase activity allows __________ of the ____ and _____. |
|
Definition
reassociation, a-subunit, By-subunits
"Resting state" |
|
|
Term
| In G protein-coupled receptors, effector proteins activate multiple _______________, amplifying the signal |
|
Definition
| second messenger molecules (such as cAMP) |
|
|
Term
| In G protein-coupled receptors, the G-protein responds by activating ______ _______. |
|
Definition
| effector proteins (such as adenyl cyclase) |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary action of Benzodiazepines? |
|
Definition
| allosteric modulation of the GABA-A receptor. It allows more Cl- through the channel when bound in addition to GABA |
|
|
Term
| Nicotinic Cholinergic is Inhibitory or Excitatory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glutamate(AMPA, NMDA) is Inhibitory or Excitatory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid is Inhibitory or Excitatory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slide 106 in Neurophys slides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All motor nerves to skeletal muscles involve what type of synapse and transmitter? |
|
Definition
| Muscle nicotinic, Acetylcholine(cholinergic) |
|
|
Term
| All preganglionic autonomic nerves (including those to the adrenal medulla) involve what type of synapse and transmitter? |
|
Definition
| Neruonal nicotinic, Acetylcholine(cholinergic) |
|
|
Term
| All postganglionic parasympathetic nerves involve what type of synapse and trasnmitter? |
|
Definition
| Muscarinic, Acetylcholine(cholinergic) |
|
|
Term
| A few postganglionic cholinergic sympathetic nerves(including sweat glands) are what type of synapse and transmitter? |
|
Definition
| Muscarinic, Acetylcholine(cholinergic) |
|
|
Term
| Almost all postganglionic sympathetic fibers (except those to non-apocrine sweat glands) are what type of synapse and transmitter? |
|
Definition
| Adrenergic, Norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| Hormones released from the adrenal medulla are stimulated by what type of synapse and transmitter? |
|
Definition
| Adrenergic, Norepinephrine and epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| Cholinergic(parasympathetic) discharge promotes |
|
Definition
| digestion and absorption of food (intestinal motility and secretion) |
|
|
Term
| Noradrenergic(sympathetic) discharge maintains |
|
Definition
| arterial and venous tone (blood pressure) |
|
|
Term
| Norepinephrine and epinephrine(sympathetic) do what? |
|
Definition
accelerates
heart rate, increases BP, elevates plasma glucose, constricts
blood vessels to skin and intestines, shuts off gastric secretion,
lowers thresholds in CNS (alert, state of arousal); relaxes
pupils (more light enters the eye) |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic actions on heart. |
|
Definition
| Increase heart rate, increases automaticity, increase conduction velocity, increase force and conduction velocity, increases contractile force |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic actions on heart. |
|
Definition
| M2 receptor. Decrease heart rate, decrease automaticity, av block, decrease force and conduction velocity |
|
|
Term
Sympathetic actions on vasculature.
1. arterioles
2. Skeletal muscle
3. coronary
4. veins |
|
Definition
1.constriction a1 receptor
2.dilation b2receptor constriction if a1receptor
3.dilation
4. constriction |
|
|
Term
| There is _____ parasympathetic innervation of the vasculature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs that require cholinergic innervation _____ have an effect on vasculature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Sympathetic effect on bronchial smooth muscle? What receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Sympathetic effect on bronchial glands? What receptor? |
|
Definition
Increased secretion; B2
or
Decreased secretion; a1 |
|
|
Term
| What is Sympathetic effect on GI smooth muscle? What receptor? |
|
Definition
| Relaxation, decreased motility; a1,B2, Presyn a2 |
|
|
Term
| What is Sympathetic effect on GI sphincters, glands, and gastric acid? Receptor? |
|
Definition
| Contraction, minimal effects; a1 |
|
|
Term
| What is Parasympathetic effect on bronchial smooth muscle? What receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Parasympathetic effect on bronchial glands? What receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Parasympathetic effect on GI smooth muscle? What receptor? |
|
Definition
| Contraction, increased motility; M3 |
|
|
Term
| What is Parasympathetic effect on GI sphincters, glands, and gastric acid? What receptor? |
|
Definition
Relaxation; M3
Secretion; M1 |
|
|
Term
| What is Sympathetic effect on detrusor muscle(bladder)? What is the receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Sympathetic effect on trigone muscle(sphincter muscle)? What is the receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Sympathetic effect on penis? What is the receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Sympathetic effect on the kidneys? What is the receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Sympathetic effect on the uterus? What is the receptor? |
|
Definition
If pregnant- contraction; a1
If not- relaxation; B2 |
|
|
Term
| What is the Parasympathetic effect on Detrusor muscle(bladder)? What is the receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Parasympathetic effect on the trigone muscle(sphincter)? What is the receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Parasympathetic effect on the penis? What is the receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Sympathetic effect on the radial muscle of the iris? What is the receptor? |
|
Definition
| Contraction(dilation); a1 |
|
|
Term
| What is the Sympathetic effect on the sphincter muscle of iris? What is the receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Sympathetic effect on the ciliary muscle? What is the receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Sympathetic effect on the ciliary epithelium? What is the receptor? |
|
Definition
Increases aqueous humor secretion; B2
SUPER IMPORTANT, YO |
|
|
Term
| What is the Sympathetic effect on the sweat glands? What is the receptor? |
|
Definition
Sympathetic cholinergic increases sweating!! ;M3
There are rainbow arrows on the slide. May be important. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Sympathetic effect on the uterus? What is the receptor? |
|
Definition
| Increases sweating(in palms,etc); a1 |
|
|
Term
| What is the Sympathetic effect on the pilomotor? What is the receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Sympathetic effect on salivation? What is the receptor? |
|
Definition
Secretion of K+, H20; a1
Secretion of amylase; B |
|
|
Term
| What is the Sympathetic effect on the liver? What is the receptor? |
|
Definition
| glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; a1,B2 |
|
|
Term
| What is the Sympathetic effect on fat cells? What is the receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Sympathetic effect on insulin secretion? What is the receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Parasympathetic effect on salivation? What is the receptor? |
|
Definition
| Secretion of K+ and H20; M3 |
|
|
Term
| What is the Parasympathetic effect on the liver? What is the receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Parasympathetic effect on insulin secretion? What is the receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False? There may be receptors on effector organs that are NOT innervated (nerve terminals don’t synapse on them |
|
Definition
True:Muscarinic receptors are located on vascular smooth muscle
(which cause dilation), but there is no parasympathetic
innervation on most of the vasculature.
– Therefore, while exogenously applied drugs will have an effect,
drugs that alter endogenous transmitter release or degradation
will not have an effect |
|
|
Term
True or False? Most effector organs are RARELY dually innervated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers, and the effects
of the two systems are often AGONISTIC. |
|
Definition
False(USUALLY, ANTAGONISTIC) : Organs that only receive sympathetic innervation include spleen,
piloerector muscles, sweat glands, & most blood vessels |
|
|
