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| young female cattle (no progeny) |
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| mature female cattle (progeny) |
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| Intact male young (before puberty) cattle |
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| Intact male, mature (after puberty, developed secondary sex char) cattle |
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| Castrated young male, cattle |
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| Market age and weight of cattle |
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| Sexual maturity of cattle |
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| Swine: female young (no progeny) |
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| Swine: mature young (progeny) |
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| Swine: intact male, young (before puberty; ,6 mos of age) |
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| Swine: intact male; developed secondary sex char |
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| Swine: market weight and age |
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| Swine: sexual maturity age |
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| Sheep: female, young (no progeny) |
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| Sheep: female, mature (progeny) |
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| Sheep: intact male, young (before puberty; <6 mos of age) |
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| Sheep: intact male, mature (after puberty; developed secondary sex char) |
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| Sheep: market weight and age |
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| Sheep: sexual maturity age |
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| Goat: female, young (no progeny) |
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Definition
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| Goat: female, mature (progeny) |
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Definition
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| Goat: intact male, young (before puberty, <6 mos of age) |
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| Goat: intact male, mature (after puberty, developed secondary sex char) |
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| Poultry: female, young chicken |
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| Poultry: female, mature chicken or turkey |
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| Poultry: intact male, young chicken |
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Definition
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| Poultry: intact male, mature chicken |
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Definition
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| Poultry: intact male, mature turkey |
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Definition
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| Poultry: castrated male, chicken |
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Definition
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| Poultry: baby (non-gender), chicken |
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Definition
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| Poultry: baby (non-gender), turkey |
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Definition
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| Meat: cattle over one year |
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| Meat: from sheep less than 1 year |
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| meat: from chickens or turkeys |
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| meat: from sheep over one year |
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| meat: from suckling goats |
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| group of cattle, swine, or goats |
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| group of sheep or chickens |
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| group of animals of the same sex and similar breeding raised under similar enviro condns |
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| provide nursing animals with a separate feed |
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| final feeding stage when animals are readied for market |
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| weaned and ready for finishing |
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Definition
| subcutaneous fat on an animal's back |
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| degree of fatness of an animal |
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| high inputs and management |
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| low inputs and management |
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| confined area usually equipped with feed troughs, auto waterers, and shelter |
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| area devoted to grazing forage, usually planted grasses and legumes |
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| native vegetation, area usually not suited for growing crops |
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| time before slaughter that a drug should NOT be administered or animal being treated should NOT be marketed |
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| fat, lean, and bone composition of meat animals |
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| removal of the internal organs during harvesting process |
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| loss of weight, usually associated with transportation, stress, or processing |
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| actual weight for which payment is made, typically shrunk weight |
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| period of time from one heat to the next (most livestock is 21 days) |
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| female born twin to a bull (sterile) |
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| time between birth and next conception |
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delivery of young:
bovine
swine
equine
ovine
caprine |
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Definition
calving
farrowing
foaling
lambing
kidding |
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Definition
| not bred and having normal estrous cycles |
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| near delivery of offspring |
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Definition
| contents of the digestive tract |
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Definition
| animal with a simple stomach (1 compartment) |
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Definition
| animal with a compartmentalized stomach |
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| bolus of feed ruminant regurgitates for further chewing |
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| number of animals/unit area |
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Definition
| stress placed on plant population from grazing animals |
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| what does the stomach of a monogastric animal do? |
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Definition
storage compartment
physical breakdown of feed
chemical digsetion |
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Definition
chief site of food digestion and nutrient absorption
60 ft in length, 2.5 gal capacity
3 parts: duodenum, jejunum, & ileum
duodenum- location of bile and pancreatic secretions and main sort of breakdown, usually in loop, neutralization of chyme
jejunum- continuation of digestion, function to absorb end pdts of digestion
ileum- forms connection to large intestine, absorption too |
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Definition
16 ft, 2.5 gal capacity
cecum and colon
role is to absorb water, act as reservoir for waste and feces, microbial fermentation |
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| what is the basis for most diets? |
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Definition
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| What are the 2 distinct biological processes of growth? |
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Definition
Hyperplasia- increase in cell number due to division and cell differentiation
Hypertrophy- increase in cell size, most occurs after birth |
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Definition
| structural tissues excluding fat |
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| How is growth measured? What are some characteristic weights? |
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Definition
weight through average daily gain (ADG)
Days to 260 (swine), weaning weight, yearling weight, live weight |
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Term
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Definition
directive coordination of all diverse processes until maturity is reached
involves growth, cell differentiation, and changes in body shape |
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| Sequential pattern of growth |
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Definition
CNS
bones
tendons
muscles
internal fat
intermuscular fat
subcutaneous fat
intramuscular fat |
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| What comes out of the endoderm? |
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Definition
| GI, repro, organs, lungs, bladder |
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| What comes out of the mesoderm? |
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Definition
| muscle, fat, bone, connective tissue |
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| What comes out of the ectoderm? |
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Definition
| skin, hair, sense organs, epithelial cells |
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| What are the numbers on the growth curve? |
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Definition
1. prenatal: develop organs/skeleton
2. rapid growth: muscle accumulates
3. fat begins: muscle slows down
4. fat: 95% of the inc body weight = fat
5. altering the curve |
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| what hormones control growth? |
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Definition
| hypothalamus -> ant. pituitary -> growth hormone -> adipose tissue, muscle, bone, liver, IGF-1 |
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Term
| What does a small frame size mean? |
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Definition
| fat deposition at lighter weights |
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| What is the ideal composition of muscle and fat? |
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Definition
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| Why do males grow faster? |
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Definition
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| Are females lighter or heavier at market weight? |
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Definition
LIGHTER, 100-200 lbs lighter
EXCEPT swine |
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Term
| what is compensatory gain? |
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Definition
| restricting growth a little through nutrition/feed intake, then flush with nutrition, increase of gain |
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Term
| What are the three missions of a land grant university system? |
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Definition
| teaching, research, extension |
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| what is animal husbandry? |
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Definition
| the ag practice of breeding and raising livestock |
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Definition
| one or more DOMESTICATED animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fiber, or labor |
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Definition
the collective study of domestic animals
includes:
-conception to death
-behavior management
-physiology to psychology
-repro to product distribution |
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| Who is the top meat producer in the world? |
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Definition
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| What is the top beef producer in the world? |
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Definition
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| Who is the top milk producer in the world? |
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Definition
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| Who is the top pork producer in the world? |
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Definition
| China, also #1 meat produced |
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| Who is top poultry producer? |
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Definition
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| Who is the top egg producer in the world? |
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Definition
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| What are short day breeders? |
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Definition
| sexually active in fall or winter |
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| What are long day breeders? |
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Definition
| sexually active in spring and summer |
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Term
| What hormones can you use to manipulate estrous cycle? |
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Definition
PGF2alpha = regress CL
progesterone = give and take
GnRH = induces follicle turnover and ovulation |
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Term
| What are the steps of parturition? |
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Definition
relaxation of cervix
offspring assume position of least resistance
uterine contractions
expel fetus
expel "afterbirth"
Signs of birth = vulva relaxes, milk test |
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Term
| What is the role of the cervix? |
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Definition
facilitates sperm transport
serves as a sperm reservoir
barrier to uterus during pregnancy |
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Term
| What is the role of the uterus? |
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Definition
site of embryo implantation
nutrient exchange |
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| What is the role of the ovaries? |
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Definition
produces ova in follicles
produces estrogen and progesterone |
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| What is the site of fertilization? |
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Definition
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Definition
released from hypothalamus
causes release of FSH and LH |
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Definition
from the pituitary
stimulates follicular growth and development |
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Definition
from the pituitary
causes ovulation
important for development and function of CL |
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Definition
released from ovarian follicles
promotes growth and development of the uterus
responsible for estrus behavior
triggers LH release |
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Definition
from the CL
negative feedback of GnRH
maintains pregnancy |
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Term
| what are the 2 primary types of digestive tracts in food animals? |
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Definition
ruminant (poly gastric)
non ruminant (monogastric) |
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Term
| What are 4 components of the ruminant's stomach? |
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Definition
rumen
reticulum
abomasum
omasum |
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| What are 4 types of digestion that occur which one only occurs in ruminants and hind gut fermenters |
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Definition
mastication
chemical digestion
enzymatic
microbial * |
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Definition
ends in meal!
like fish meal |
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